AusTraits

Banksia aemula

Explore the data for this taxon in the portal

Family Proteaceae

Taxonomy: Banksia aemula R.Br.

Synonyms: 1 (APC 2026-07-30)
  • Banksia elatior R.Br. (taxonomic synonym)
Misapplied names: 1 (APC 2026-07-30)
  • Banksia serratifolia Salisb. (misapplied)

Distribution (APC): Qld, NSW

Profiles: APC, Flora of Australia, ALA, iNaturalist, NSW Flora, ATRP

Traits

Top source datasets: ABRS_1981 (5), ABRS_2022 (3), ABRS_2023 (22), ANBG_2019 (3), Chen_2017 (5), Clarke_2015 (3), Collette_2021 (1), Fonseca_2000 (5), He_2011 (4), Ilic_2000 (5), Jagdish_2020 (4), Jordan_2020 (10), Kew_2019_1 (3), Kew_2019_6 (4), Lee_2019 (24), NHNSW_2014_2 (2), NHNSW_2022 (4), NHNSW_2023 (16), NSWFRD_2014 (12), Niinemets_2009 (50), Ooi_2007 (95), Roderick_1999 (6), Schmidt_1997 (8), Sjostrom_2006 (4), Wenk_2022 (2), Wenk_2023 (1), Westman_1977 (94), Wright_2000 (5), Wright_2009 (30), Yang_2023 (3). See below for a full list of sources.
Summary: AusTraits contains 127 traits from 433 records in 30 datasets.

Traits by category (click to expand). For categorical traits, the values are listed. For numerical traits, the mean and range are shown.

fire response
flower morphology
  • flower_colour (categorical): green (1); white_cream (1); yellow_orange (1) [sources: NHNSW_2014_2]
  • sex_type (categorical): hermaphrodite (1) [sources: Sjostrom_2006]
fruit morphology
  • fruit_length (numerical): 37.5 mm (30-45 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023]
  • fruit_width (numerical): 27.5 mm (20-35 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023]
  • fruit_height (numerical): 27.5 mm (20-35 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023]
  • fruit_type (categorical): follicle (4) [sources: ABRS_2023; Chen_2017; NHNSW_2023; Sjostrom_2006]
  • fruit_fleshiness (categorical): dry (2) [sources: Chen_2017; Sjostrom_2006]
  • fruit_dehiscence (categorical): dehiscent (4) [sources: ABRS_2023; Chen_2017; NHNSW_2023; Sjostrom_2006]
leaf morphology
  • leaf_area (numerical): 1466.85 mm2 (1275.2-1817 mm2) [sources: Fonseca_2000; Niinemets_2009]
  • leaf_length (numerical): 120 mm (30-220 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023]
  • leaf_width (numerical): 15.9 mm (5-30 mm) [sources: Fonseca_2000; ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023]
  • leaf_dry_mass (numerical): 247 mg (247-247 mg) [sources: Fonseca_2000]
  • petiole_length (numerical): 1 cm (0.5-1.5 cm) [sources: ABRS_2023]
  • leaf_mass_per_area (numerical): 191.77 g/m2 (174.22-220 g/m2) [sources: Fonseca_2000; Niinemets_2009; Roderick_1999]
  • leaf_shape (categorical): narrowly_obovate (2); oblong (2) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023]
  • leaf_base_shape (categorical): attenuate (1) [sources: NHNSW_2023]
  • leaf_margin (categorical): toothed (1); toothed_serrate (1) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023]
  • leaf_compoundness (categorical): simple (2) [sources: ABRS_1981; NHNSW_2023]
  • leaf_hairs_adult_leaves (categorical): glabrous (1) [sources: Jordan_2020]
  • leaf_phyllotaxis (categorical): alternate (1) [sources: NHNSW_2023]
  • plant_photosynthetic_organ (categorical): leaf (2) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023]
life history
  • photosynthetic_pathway (categorical): c3 (1) [sources: Schmidt_1997]
  • plant_growth_form (categorical): shrub (5); tree (5) [sources: ABRS_2022; Fonseca_2000; NHNSW_2022; NSWFRD_2014; Schmidt_1997; Wenk_2022]
  • life_history (categorical): perennial (4) [sources: ABRS_2022; Jordan_2020; NHNSW_2022; Wenk_2023]
  • woodiness_detailed (categorical): woody (3) [sources: ABRS_2022; NHNSW_2022; Wenk_2022]
  • stem_growth_habit (categorical): bushy (1) [sources: NHNSW_2022]
  • leaf_phenology (categorical): evergreen (2) [sources: ABRS_1981; Schmidt_1997]
  • nitrogen_fixing (categorical): non_nitrogen_fixer (1) [sources: Schmidt_1997]
  • dispersal_syndrome (categorical): anemochory (1); barochory (1) [sources: NSWFRD_2014]
  • dispersers (categorical): wind (1) [sources: NSWFRD_2014]
  • flowering_time (categorical): nnyyyynnnnnn (4) [sources: ABRS_1981; Chen_2017; NHNSW_2014_2; NSWFRD_2014]
  • seedbank_location (categorical): canopy_seedbank (2) [sources: NSWFRD_2014; Yang_2023]
  • serotiny (categorical): not_serotinous (1); serotinous (3) [sources: He_2011; NSWFRD_2014; Yang_2023]
  • seedbank_longevity_class (categorical): long_persistent (1) [sources: NSWFRD_2014]
  • seed_dormancy_class (categorical): non_dormant (2) [sources: Collette_2021; Ooi_2007]
  • storage_organ (categorical): lignotuber (1) [sources: He_2011]
  • bud_bank_location (categorical): basal_buds (1); epicormic_buds (3) [sources: Clarke_2015; He_2011; NSWFRD_2014]
nutrient and stable isotope
  • leaf_N_per_dry_mass (numerical): 7.27 mg/g (4.15-10 mg/g) [sources: Niinemets_2009; Roderick_1999; Schmidt_1997; Westman_1977]
  • leaf_P_per_dry_mass (numerical): 0.33 mg/g (0.19-0.5 mg/g) [sources: Niinemets_2009; Westman_1977]
  • leaf_delta13C (numerical): -30.05 {delta}[ppth] (-31.31--29.24 {delta}[ppth]) [sources: Niinemets_2009; Schmidt_1997]
physiology
seed morphology
  • seed_dry_mass (numerical): 99.13 mg (69.9-170.7 mg) [sources: Jagdish_2020; Kew_2019_1; Ooi_2007]
  • seed_length (numerical): 43.5 mm (40-47 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023]
  • seed_width (numerical): 13.5 mm (11-16 mm) [sources: ABRS_1981]
  • seed_shape (categorical): cuneate (1); ovoid (1); polyhedral (1); winged (2) [sources: ABRS_2023; ANBG_2019; NHNSW_2023]
stem morphology
  • wood_density (numerical): 0.55 mg/mm3 (0.51-0.58 mg/mm3) [sources: Ilic_2000; Lee_2019]
whole plant morphology
  • plant_height (numerical): 8 m (8-8 m) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023]

Sources

dataset_idn_traitsn_recordsreference
Ooi_2007295M. K. J. Ooi, P. Myerscough, and T. Auld. “Unpublished data: Longterm seed mass field campaign, University of New South Wales”. 2007.
Westman_19772594W. Westman and R. V. Roggers. “Nutrient stocks in a subtropical eucalypt forest, North Stradbroke Island”. Austral Ecology 2.4 (1977), pp. 447-460. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.1977.tb01160.x.
Niinemets_20092650Ü. Niinemets, I. J. Wright, and J. R. Evans. “Leaf mesophyll diffusion conductance in 35 Australian sclerophylls covering a broad range of foliage structural and physiological variation”. Journal of Experimental Botany 60 (2009), pp. 2433-2449. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erp045.
Wright_20091330I. J. Wright. “Unpublished data: Leaf pigment and reflectance data for sclerophylls, Macquarie University”. 2009.
Lee_2019524M. R. Lee, J. R. Powell, B. Oberle, W. K. Cornwell, M. Lyons, J. L. Rigg, and A. E. Zanne. “Good neighbors aplenty: fungal endophytes rarely exhibit competitive exclusion patterns across a span of woody habitats”. Ecology 100.9 (2019), p. e02790. doi: 10.1002/ecy.2790.
ABRS_20231522Australian Biological Resources Study. Flora of Australia, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2023. url: http://www.ausflora.org.au.
NHNSW_20231316N. H. of New South Wales. The Plant Information Network System of The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Version 2.0.. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2023. url: https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
NSWFRD_20141212B. Kenny, C. Orscheg, E. Tasker, M. A. Gill, and R. Bradstock. NSW Flora Fire Response Database, v2.1. database. NSW Department of Planning Industry and Environment, 2014.
Jordan_20201010G. J. Jordan, R. J. Carpenter, B. R. Holland, N. J. Beeton, M. D. Woodhams, and T. J. Brodribb. “Links between environment and stomatal size through evolutionary time in Proteaceae”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287.1919 (2020), p. 20192876. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2876.
Schmidt_199768S. Schmidt and G. Stewart. “Waterlogging and fire impacts on nitrogen availability and utilization in a subtropical wet heathland (wallum)”. Plant, Cell and Environment 20.10 (1997), pp. 1231-1241. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3040.1997.d01-20.x.
Roderick_199936M. L. Roderick, S. L. Berry, and I. R. Noble. “The relationship between leaf composition and morphology at elevated CO2 concentrations”. New Phytologist 143.1 (1999), pp. 63-72. doi: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00438.x.
ABRS_198145B. A. Barlow, H. T. Clifford, A. S. George, and A. K. A. McCusker. Flora of Australia. 1981. url: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/flora/main/.
Chen_201755Chen, S.-C., Cornwell, W., Z. H.-X., Moles, and A. T. “Plants show more flesh in the tropics: Variation in fruit type along latitudinal and climatic gradients.”. Ecography 40 (2017), pp. 531-538. doi: abs/10.1111/ecog.02010.
Fonseca_200055C. R. Fonseca, J. M. Overton, B. Collins, and M. Westoby. “Shifts in trait-combinations along rainfall and phosphorus gradients”. Journal of Ecology 88 (2000), pp. 964-977. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00506.x.
Ilic_200015J. Ilic, D. Boland, M. McDonald, D. G, and P. Blakemore. Woody density phase 1 - State of knowledge. National Carbon Accounting System. Technical Report 18. Tech. rep. Australian Greenhouse Office, Canberra, Australia, 2000.
Wright_200055I. J. Wright, H. T. Clifford, R. Kidson, M. L. Reed, B. L. Rice, and M. Westoby. “A survey of seed and seedling characters in 1744 Australian dicotyledon species: Cross-species trait correlations and correlated trait-shifts within evolutionary lineages”. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 69 (2000), pp. 521-547. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01222.x.
He_201144T. He, B. B. Lamont, and K. S. Downes. “Banksia born to burn”. New Phytologist 191.1 (2011), pp. 184-196. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03663.x.
Jagdish_202024A. Jagdish. “Unpublished data: Germination photoperiod sensitivity of Australian Plants, University of New South Wales”. 2020.
Kew_2019_614Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Germination data from the Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. 2019. url: http://data.kew.org/sid/.
NHNSW_202244N. H. of New South Wales. The Plant Information Network System of The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Version 2.0.. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
Sjostrom_200644A. Sjöström and C. L. Gross. “Life-history characters and phylogeny are correlated with extinction risk in the Australian angiosperms”. Journal of Biogeography 33.2 (2006), pp. 271-290. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01393.x.
ABRS_202233Australian Biological Resources Study. Flora of Australia, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2022. url: http://www.ausflora.org.au.
ANBG_201933Australian National Botanic Gardens. The National Seed Bank. 2018. url: http://www.anbg.gov.au/gardens/living/seedbank/.
Clarke_201533P. J. Clarke, M. J. Lawes, B. P. Murphy, J. Russell-Smith, C. E. Nano, R. Bradstock, N. J. Enright, J. B. Fontaine, C. R. Gosper, I. Radford, J. J. Midgley, and R. M. Gunton. “A synthesis of postfire recovery traits of woody plants in Australian ecosystems”. Science of The Total Environment 534 (2015), pp. 31-42. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.002.
Kew_2019_113Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. 2019. url: http://data.kew.org/sid/.
Yang_202333S. Yang. “Unpublished data: Fire response traits scored from national and state floras and the taxonomic literature, University of New South Wales”. 2023.
NHNSW_2014_222Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney. PLantNET: NSW flora online. 2014. url: http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
Wenk_202222E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant growth forms dataset”. 2022.
Collette_202111J. C. Collette and M. K. J. Ooi. “Distribution of seed dormancy classes across a fire-prone continent: effects of rainfall seasonality and temperature”. Annals of Botany 127.5 (2021), pp. 613-620. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcaa203.
Wenk_202311E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant life history dataset, University of New South Wales, Sydney”. 2023.