Banksia baxteri

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Family Proteaceae

Taxonomy: Banksia baxteri R.Br.

Synonyms: 1 (APC 2026-07-30)

Sirmuellera baxteri (R.Br.) Kuntze (nomenclatural synonym)

Distribution (APC): WA

Profiles: APC, Flora of Australia, ALA, iNaturalist, Florabase, ATRP

Traits

Top source datasets: ABRS_1981 (9), ABRS_2022 (3), ABRS_2023 (18), ANBG_2019 (1), Barrett_2009 (22), Burrows_2008_2 (5), Burrows_2020 (5), Chen_2017 (5), Collette_2021 (1), Hanley_2001 (5), He_2011 (3), Jordan_2020 (8), Kew_2019_1 (2), Kew_2019_6 (1), Sjostrom_2006 (4), Sweedman_2006 (4), WAH_1998 (1), WAH_2022_2 (3), WAH_2023_2 (2), Wenk_2022 (2), Wenk_2023 (1), Witkowski_1991 (10), Wooller_2002 (10), Wright_2000 (3), Yang_2023 (4). See below for a full list of sources.
Summary: AusTraits contains 55 traits from 132 records in 25 datasets.

Traits by category (click to expand). For categorical traits, the values are listed. For numerical traits, the mean and range are shown.

fire response

resprouting_capacity (categorical): fire_killed (9) [sources: Barrett_2009; Burrows_2008_2; Burrows_2020; He_2011; Witkowski_1991; Wooller_2002; Yang_2023]
post_fire_recruitment (categorical): post_fire_recruitment (6) [sources: Barrett_2009; Witkowski_1991; Wooller_2002; Yang_2023]
fire_time_from_fire_to_flowering (numerical): 42 mo (36-48 mo) [sources: Burrows_2020; Witkowski_1991]

flower morphology

sex_type (categorical): hermaphrodite (1) [sources: Sjostrom_2006]

fruit morphology

fruit_length (numerical): 38.5 mm (35-42 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023]
fruit_width (numerical): 17.5 mm (15-20 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023]
fruit_height (numerical): 19.5 mm (17-22 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023]
fruit_type (categorical): follicle (3) [sources: ABRS_2023; Chen_2017; Sjostrom_2006]
fruit_fleshiness (categorical): dry (2) [sources: Chen_2017; Sjostrom_2006]
fruit_dehiscence (categorical): dehiscent (2) [sources: Chen_2017; Sjostrom_2006]

leaf morphology

leaf_length (numerical): 120 mm (70-170 mm) [sources: ABRS_1981]
leaf_width (numerical): 50 mm (25-75 mm) [sources: ABRS_1981]
petiole_length (numerical): 1 cm (0.5-1.5 cm) [sources: ABRS_2023]
leaf_mass_per_area (numerical): 161.29 g/m2 (161.29-161.29 g/m2) [sources: Hanley_2001]
leaf_shape (categorical): obtriangular (1); triangular (1) [sources: ABRS_2023]
leaf_lobation (categorical): lobed (2) [sources: ABRS_2023; Jordan_2020]
leaf_compoundness (categorical): simple (2) [sources: ABRS_1981; Jordan_2020]
leaf_lamina_division (categorical): pinnatisect (1) [sources: Jordan_2020]
leaf_lamina_posture (categorical): flat (1) [sources: ABRS_2023]
plant_photosynthetic_organ (categorical): leaf (1) [sources: ABRS_2023]

life history

plant_growth_form (categorical): shrub (6) [sources: ABRS_2022; Barrett_2009; WAH_2022_2; Wenk_2022]
life_history (categorical): perennial (6) [sources: ABRS_2022; Burrows_2008_2; Burrows_2020; Jordan_2020; WAH_2022_2; Wenk_2023]
woodiness_detailed (categorical): woody (3) [sources: ABRS_2022; WAH_2022_2; Wenk_2022]
leaf_phenology (categorical): evergreen (1) [sources: ABRS_1981]
reproductive_maturity (numerical): 4 a (3-5 a) [sources: Burrows_2020; Witkowski_1991; Wooller_2002]
flowering_time (categorical): yyyyynnnnnny (2); yyyyynnyyyyy (1) [sources: ABRS_1981; Chen_2017; WAH_1998]
seedbank_location (categorical): canopy_seedbank (7) [sources: Barrett_2009; Burrows_2008_2; Burrows_2020; Wooller_2002; Yang_2023]
serotiny (categorical): serotinous (3); serotiny_high (2) [sources: Hanley_2001; He_2011; Witkowski_1991; Wooller_2002; Yang_2023]
seed_dormancy_class (categorical): non_dormant (1) [sources: Collette_2021]
bud_bank_location (categorical): none (2) [sources: Burrows_2008_2; He_2011]

nutrient and stable isotope

leaf_N_per_dry_mass (numerical): 11.91 mg/g (11.91-11.91 mg/g) [sources: Hanley_2001]

seed morphology

seed_dry_mass (numerical): 44.28 mg (37.68-48.91 mg) [sources: ANBG_2019; Kew_2019_1; Witkowski_1991]
seed_length (numerical): 31 mm (30-32 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023]
seed_width (numerical): 12 mm (11-13 mm) [sources: ABRS_1981]
seed_shape (categorical): ovoid (1) [sources: ABRS_2023]

whole plant morphology

plant_height (numerical): 3.42 m (1.7-4 m) [sources: ABRS_2023; WAH_2023_2]

Sources

dataset_id	n_traits	n_records	reference
Barrett_2009	6	22	S. Barrett, S. Comer, N. McQuoid, M. Porter, C. Tiller, and D. Utber. Identification and Conservation of Fire Sensitive Ecosystems and Species of the South Coast Natural Resource Management Region.. government. Department of Conservation and Land Management, South Coast Region, Western Australia, 2009.
ABRS_2023	13	18	Australian Biological Resources Study. Flora of Australia, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2023. url: http://www.ausflora.org.au.
Witkowski_1991	9	10	E. T. F. Witkowski, B. B. Lamont, and S. J. Connell. “Seed bank dynamics of three co-occurring banksias in south coastal Western Australia: the role of plant age, cockatoos, senescence and interfire establishment”. Australian Journal of Botany 39.4 (1991), pp. 385-397. doi: 10.1071/bt9910385.
Wooller_2002	10	10	S. J. Wooller, R. D. Wooller, and K. L. Brown. “Regeneration by three species of Banksia on the south coast of Western Australia in relation to fire interval”. Australian Journal of Botany 50.3 (2002), pp. 311-317. doi: 10.1071/bt01078.
ABRS_1981	6	9	B. A. Barlow, H. T. Clifford, A. S. George, and A. K. A. McCusker. Flora of Australia. 1981. url: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/flora/main/.
Jordan_2020	8	8	G. J. Jordan, R. J. Carpenter, B. R. Holland, N. J. Beeton, M. D. Woodhams, and T. J. Brodribb. “Links between environment and stomatal size through evolutionary time in Proteaceae”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287.1919 (2020), p. 20192876. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2876.
Burrows_2008_2	5	5	N. D. Burrows, G. Wardell-Johnson, and B. Ward. “Post-fire juvenile period of plants in south-west Australia forests and implications for fire management”. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 91 (2008), pp. 163-174. ISSN: 0035922X. url: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/19156 (visited on 03/27/2025).
Burrows_2020	5	5	N. Burrows. Data from 'Plant Ecological Attributes' theme, NatureMap, DBCA, WA. 2020.
Chen_2017	5	5	Chen, S.-C., Cornwell, W., Z. H.-X., Moles, and A. T. “Plants show more flesh in the tropics: Variation in fruit type along latitudinal and climatic gradients.”. Ecography 40 (2017), pp. 531-538. doi: abs/10.1111/ecog.02010.
Hanley_2001	5	5	M. E. Hanley and B. B. Lamont. “Herbivory, serotiny and seedling defence in Western Australian Proteaceae”. Oecologia 126.3 (2001), pp. 409-417. ISSN: 1432-1939. doi: 10.1007/s004420000538.
Sjostrom_2006	4	4	A. Sjöström and C. L. Gross. “Life-history characters and phylogeny are correlated with extinction risk in the Australian angiosperms”. Journal of Biogeography 33.2 (2006), pp. 271-290. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01393.x.
Sweedman_2006	2	4	L. Sweedman and D. Merritt. Australian Seeds: A Guide to Their Collection, Identification, and Biology. CSIRO Publishing, 2006. ISBN: 9780643094079.
Yang_2023	4	4	S. Yang. “Unpublished data: Fire response traits scored from national and state floras and the taxonomic literature, University of New South Wales”. 2023.
ABRS_2022	3	3	Australian Biological Resources Study. Flora of Australia, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2022. url: http://www.ausflora.org.au.
He_2011	3	3	T. He, B. B. Lamont, and K. S. Downes. “Banksia born to burn”. New Phytologist 191.1 (2011), pp. 184-196. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03663.x.
WAH_2022_2	3	3	Western Australian Herbarium. Florabase—the Western Australian Flora.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2022. url: https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/.
Wright_2000	3	3	I. J. Wright, H. T. Clifford, R. Kidson, M. L. Reed, B. L. Rice, and M. Westoby. “A survey of seed and seedling characters in 1744 Australian dicotyledon species: Cross-species trait correlations and correlated trait-shifts within evolutionary lineages”. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 69 (2000), pp. 521-547. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01222.x.
Kew_2019_1	1	2	Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. 2019. url: http://data.kew.org/sid/.
WAH_2023_2	1	2	Western Australian Herbarium. Florabase—the Western Australian Flora.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2023. url: https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/.
Wenk_2022	2	2	E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant growth forms dataset”. 2022.
ANBG_2019	1	1	Australian National Botanic Gardens. The National Seed Bank. 2018. url: http://www.anbg.gov.au/gardens/living/seedbank/.
Collette_2021	1	1	J. C. Collette and M. K. J. Ooi. “Distribution of seed dormancy classes across a fire-prone continent: effects of rainfall seasonality and temperature”. Annals of Botany 127.5 (2021), pp. 613-620. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcaa203.
Kew_2019_6	1	1	Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Germination data from the Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. 2019. url: http://data.kew.org/sid/.
WAH_1998	1	1	Western Australian Herbarium. FloraBase: The Western Australian flora. 1998. url: http://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au.
Wenk_2023	1	1	E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant life history dataset, University of New South Wales, Sydney”. 2023.