Banksia candolleana

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Family Proteaceae

Taxonomy: Banksia candolleana Meisn.

Synonyms: 1 (APC 2026-07-30)

Sirmuellera candolleana (Meisn.) Kuntze (nomenclatural synonym)

Distribution (APC): WA

Profiles: APC, Flora of Australia, ALA, iNaturalist, Florabase, ATRP

Traits

Top source datasets: ABRS_1981 (9), ABRS_2022 (3), ABRS_2023 (20), ANBG_2019 (1), Burrows_2008_2 (4), Burrows_2020 (4), Chen_2017 (5), Clarke_2015 (2), Collette_2021 (1), Enright_2014 (7), Hassiotou_2009 (1), He_2011 (3), Jordan_2020 (8), Kew_2019_1 (1), Sjostrom_2006 (4), Sweedman_2006 (4), Tsakalos_2020 (18), Tsakalos_2022 (2), WAH_1998 (1), WAH_2022_2 (3), WAH_2023_2 (3), Wenk_2022 (2), Wenk_2023 (1), Wright_2000 (1), Yang_2023 (6), vanderMoezel_1987 (3). See below for a full list of sources.
Summary: AusTraits contains 54 traits from 117 records in 26 datasets.

Traits by category (click to expand). For categorical traits, the values are listed. For numerical traits, the mean and range are shown.

fire response

resprouting_capacity (categorical): resprouts (10) [sources: Burrows_2008_2; Burrows_2020; Clarke_2015; Enright_2014; He_2011; Tsakalos_2020; Yang_2023; vanderMoezel_1987]
post_fire_recruitment (categorical): post_fire_recruitment (5) [sources: Clarke_2015; Enright_2014; Yang_2023]
fire_time_from_fire_to_flowering (numerical): 24 mo (24-24 mo) [sources: Burrows_2020]

flower morphology

sex_type (categorical): hermaphrodite (1) [sources: Sjostrom_2006]

fruit morphology

fruit_length (numerical): 42.5 mm (20-65 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023]
fruit_width (numerical): 26 mm (17-35 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023]
fruit_height (numerical): 37.5 mm (25-50 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023]
fruit_type (categorical): follicle (3) [sources: ABRS_2023; Chen_2017; Sjostrom_2006]
fruit_fleshiness (categorical): dry (3) [sources: Chen_2017; Sjostrom_2006; Tsakalos_2020]
fruit_dehiscence (categorical): dehiscent (2) [sources: Chen_2017; Sjostrom_2006]
fruit_colour (categorical): grey (1) [sources: ABRS_2023]

leaf morphology

leaf_length (numerical): 275 mm (150-400 mm) [sources: ABRS_1981]
leaf_width (numerical): 13 mm (6-20 mm) [sources: ABRS_1981]
petiole_length (numerical): 1.5 cm (1-2 cm) [sources: ABRS_2023]
leaf_mass_per_area (numerical): 354 g/m2 (354-354 g/m2) [sources: Hassiotou_2009]
leaf_shape (categorical): linear (1); triangular (1) [sources: ABRS_2023]
leaf_margin_posture (categorical): flat (1) [sources: ABRS_2023]
leaf_lobation (categorical): lobed (3); lobed_deep (1) [sources: ABRS_2023; Jordan_2020; Tsakalos_2020]
leaf_compoundness (categorical): simple (3) [sources: ABRS_1981; Jordan_2020; Tsakalos_2020]
leaf_lamina_division (categorical): pinnatisect (1) [sources: Jordan_2020]
leaf_lamina_posture (categorical): flat (1) [sources: Tsakalos_2020]
leaf_glaucousness (categorical): glaucous (1); not_glaucous (1) [sources: Tsakalos_2020]
leaf_hairs_adult_leaves (categorical): hairy (1) [sources: Tsakalos_2020]
plant_photosynthetic_organ (categorical): leaf (2) [sources: ABRS_2023; Tsakalos_2020]

life history

photosynthetic_pathway (categorical): c3 (1) [sources: Tsakalos_2020]
plant_growth_form (categorical): shrub (3) [sources: ABRS_2022; WAH_2022_2; Wenk_2022]
life_history (categorical): perennial (7) [sources: ABRS_2022; Burrows_2008_2; Burrows_2020; Jordan_2020; Tsakalos_2020; WAH_2022_2; Wenk_2023]
woodiness_detailed (categorical): woody (4) [sources: ABRS_2022; Tsakalos_2020; WAH_2022_2; Wenk_2022]
stem_growth_habit (categorical): decumbent (1); erect (1) [sources: Tsakalos_2020]
leaf_phenology (categorical): evergreen (1) [sources: ABRS_1981]
parasitic (categorical): not_parasitic (1) [sources: Tsakalos_2020]
flowering_time (categorical): nnnyyyynnnnn (3); nnnyyyyynnnn (1); nyyyyyynnnnn (1) [sources: ABRS_1981; Chen_2017; Tsakalos_2020; WAH_1998; vanderMoezel_1987]
seedbank_location (categorical): canopy_seedbank (2) [sources: Enright_2014; Yang_2023]
serotiny (categorical): serotinous (2) [sources: He_2011; Yang_2023]
seed_dormancy_class (categorical): non_dormant (1) [sources: Collette_2021]
vegetative_reproduction_ability (categorical): vegetative (1) [sources: Tsakalos_2022]
storage_organ (categorical): lignotuber (3) [sources: ABRS_2023; WAH_2023_2; Yang_2023]
bud_bank_location (categorical): basal_buds (2); basal_stem_buds (2); rhizome (1) [sources: Burrows_2008_2; Burrows_2020; He_2011; Tsakalos_2022; Yang_2023]

seed morphology

seed_dry_mass (numerical): 185.72 mg (152.04-219.4 mg) [sources: ANBG_2019; Kew_2019_1]
seed_length (numerical): 45 mm (30-60 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023]
seed_width (numerical): 14.5 mm (12-17 mm) [sources: ABRS_1981]
seed_shape (categorical): ovoid (1) [sources: ABRS_2023]

whole plant morphology

plant_height (numerical): 1.1 m (0.5-1.3 m) [sources: ABRS_2023; WAH_2023_2]
plant_physical_defence_structures (categorical): absent (1) [sources: Tsakalos_2020]

Sources

dataset_id	n_traits	n_records	reference
ABRS_2023	15	20	Australian Biological Resources Study. Flora of Australia, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2023. url: http://www.ausflora.org.au.
Tsakalos_2020	17	18	J. L. Tsakalos, M. Renton, F. Riviera, E. J. Veneklaas, M. P. Dobrowolski, and L. Mucina. “Trait-based formal definition of plant functional types and functional communities in the multi-species and multi-traits context”. Ecological Complexity 40 (2019), p. 100787. doi: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2019.100787.
ABRS_1981	6	9	B. A. Barlow, H. T. Clifford, A. S. George, and A. K. A. McCusker. Flora of Australia. 1981. url: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/flora/main/.
Jordan_2020	8	8	G. J. Jordan, R. J. Carpenter, B. R. Holland, N. J. Beeton, M. D. Woodhams, and T. J. Brodribb. “Links between environment and stomatal size through evolutionary time in Proteaceae”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287.1919 (2020), p. 20192876. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2876.
Enright_2014	3	7	N. J. Enright, J. B. Fontaine, B. B. Lamont, B. P. Miller, and V. C. Westcott. “Resistance and resilience to changing climate and fire regime depend on plant functional traits”. Journal of Ecology 102 (2014), pp. 1572-1581. doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12306.
Yang_2023	6	6	S. Yang. “Unpublished data: Fire response traits scored from national and state floras and the taxonomic literature, University of New South Wales”. 2023.
Chen_2017	5	5	Chen, S.-C., Cornwell, W., Z. H.-X., Moles, and A. T. “Plants show more flesh in the tropics: Variation in fruit type along latitudinal and climatic gradients.”. Ecography 40 (2017), pp. 531-538. doi: abs/10.1111/ecog.02010.
Burrows_2008_2	4	4	N. D. Burrows, G. Wardell-Johnson, and B. Ward. “Post-fire juvenile period of plants in south-west Australia forests and implications for fire management”. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 91 (2008), pp. 163-174. ISSN: 0035922X. url: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/19156 (visited on 03/27/2025).
Burrows_2020	4	4	N. Burrows. Data from 'Plant Ecological Attributes' theme, NatureMap, DBCA, WA. 2020.
Sjostrom_2006	4	4	A. Sjöström and C. L. Gross. “Life-history characters and phylogeny are correlated with extinction risk in the Australian angiosperms”. Journal of Biogeography 33.2 (2006), pp. 271-290. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01393.x.
Sweedman_2006	2	4	L. Sweedman and D. Merritt. Australian Seeds: A Guide to Their Collection, Identification, and Biology. CSIRO Publishing, 2006. ISBN: 9780643094079.
ABRS_2022	3	3	Australian Biological Resources Study. Flora of Australia, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2022. url: http://www.ausflora.org.au.
He_2011	3	3	T. He, B. B. Lamont, and K. S. Downes. “Banksia born to burn”. New Phytologist 191.1 (2011), pp. 184-196. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03663.x.
WAH_2022_2	3	3	Western Australian Herbarium. Florabase—the Western Australian Flora.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2022. url: https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/.
WAH_2023_2	2	3	Western Australian Herbarium. Florabase—the Western Australian Flora.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2023. url: https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/.
vanderMoezel_1987	3	3	P. G. van der Moezel, W. A. Loneragan, and D. T. Bell. “Northern Sandplain Kwongan - regeneration following fire, juvenile period and flowering phenology”. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 69.4 (1987), pp. 123-132.
Clarke_2015	2	2	P. J. Clarke, M. J. Lawes, B. P. Murphy, J. Russell-Smith, C. E. Nano, R. Bradstock, N. J. Enright, J. B. Fontaine, C. R. Gosper, I. Radford, J. J. Midgley, and R. M. Gunton. “A synthesis of postfire recovery traits of woody plants in Australian ecosystems”. Science of The Total Environment 534 (2015), pp. 31-42. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.002.
Tsakalos_2022	2	2	J. L. Tsakalos, G. Ottaviani, S. Chelli, A. Rea, S. Elder, M. P. Dobrowolski, and L. Mucina. “Plant clonality in a soil-impoverished open ecosystem: insights from southwest Australian shrublands”. Annals of Botany 130.7 (2022), pp. 981-990. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcac131.
Wenk_2022	2	2	E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant growth forms dataset”. 2022.
ANBG_2019	1	1	Australian National Botanic Gardens. The National Seed Bank. 2018. url: http://www.anbg.gov.au/gardens/living/seedbank/.
Collette_2021	1	1	J. C. Collette and M. K. J. Ooi. “Distribution of seed dormancy classes across a fire-prone continent: effects of rainfall seasonality and temperature”. Annals of Botany 127.5 (2021), pp. 613-620. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcaa203.
Hassiotou_2009	1	1	F. Hassiotou, J. R. Evans, M. Ludwig, and E. J. Veneklaas. “Stomatal crypts may facilitate diffusion of CO2 to adaxial mesophyll cells in thick sclerophylls”. Plant, Cell and Environment 32 (2009), pp. 1596-1611. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02024.x.
Kew_2019_1	1	1	Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. 2019. url: http://data.kew.org/sid/.
WAH_1998	1	1	Western Australian Herbarium. FloraBase: The Western Australian flora. 1998. url: http://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au.
Wenk_2023	1	1	E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant life history dataset, University of New South Wales, Sydney”. 2023.
Wright_2000	1	1	I. J. Wright, H. T. Clifford, R. Kidson, M. L. Reed, B. L. Rice, and M. Westoby. “A survey of seed and seedling characters in 1744 Australian dicotyledon species: Cross-species trait correlations and correlated trait-shifts within evolutionary lineages”. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 69 (2000), pp. 521-547. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01222.x.