AusTraits

Banksia grandis

Explore the data for this taxon in the portal

Family Proteaceae

Taxonomy: Banksia grandis Willd.

Synonyms: 1 (APC 2026-07-30)
  • Sirmuellera grandis (Willd.) Kuntze (nomenclatural synonym)

Distribution (APC): WA

Profiles: APC, Flora of Australia, ALA, iNaturalist, Florabase, ATRP

Traits

Top source datasets: ABRS_1981 (9), ABRS_2022 (3), ABRS_2023 (13), ANBG_2019 (1), Barrett_2009 (9), Burrows_2008_2 (4), Burrows_2020 (4), Chen_2017 (5), Clarke_2015 (2), Collette_2021 (1), He_2011 (3), Jordan_2015 (4), Jordan_2020 (13), Kew_2019_1 (1), Munroe_2019 (1), Pate_1990 (4), Pekin_2011 (5), Schmidt_1993 (2), Sjostrom_2006 (4), Standish_2019 (9), Staples_2019 (80), Sweedman_2006 (4), Tsakalos_2020 (18), WAH_1998 (1), WAH_2022_2 (3), WAH_2023_2 (2), Wenk_2022 (2), Wenk_2023 (1), Wheeler_2002 (10), Wright_2000 (5). See below for a full list of sources.
Summary: AusTraits contains 68 traits from 223 records in 30 datasets.

Traits by category (click to expand). For categorical traits, the values are listed. For numerical traits, the mean and range are shown.

fire response
flower morphology
  • sex_type (categorical): hermaphrodite (1) [sources: Sjostrom_2006]
fruit morphology
  • fruit_type (categorical): follicle (3); strobilus (1) [sources: ABRS_2023; Chen_2017; Sjostrom_2006]
  • fruit_fleshiness (categorical): dry (3) [sources: Chen_2017; Sjostrom_2006; Tsakalos_2020]
  • fruit_dehiscence (categorical): dehiscent (3) [sources: ABRS_2023; Chen_2017; Sjostrom_2006]
leaf morphology
  • leaf_area (numerical): 12411.73 mm2 (7264-25410.19 mm2) [sources: Jordan_2020; Staples_2019]
  • leaf_length (numerical): 275 mm (100-450 mm) [sources: ABRS_1981; Wheeler_2002]
  • leaf_width (numerical): 70 mm (30-110 mm) [sources: ABRS_1981; Wheeler_2002]
  • leaf_dry_mass (numerical): 3820.3 mg (1551.5-6068.1 mg) [sources: Staples_2019]
  • petiole_length (numerical): 2.25 cm (1-3.5 cm) [sources: ABRS_2023]
  • leaf_mass_per_area (numerical): 217.52 g/m2 (162.37-246.17 g/m2) [sources: Jordan_2020; Staples_2019]
  • leaf_shape (categorical): elliptical (1); obovate (1); obtriangular (1); triangular (1) [sources: ABRS_2023; Wheeler_2002]
  • leaf_margin_posture (categorical): revolute (1) [sources: ABRS_2023]
  • leaf_lobation (categorical): lobed (2); lobed_deep (1); unlobed (1) [sources: ABRS_2023; Tsakalos_2020; Wheeler_2002]
  • leaf_compoundness (categorical): simple (3) [sources: ABRS_1981; Tsakalos_2020; Wheeler_2002]
  • leaf_lamina_posture (categorical): conduplicate (1); flat (1) [sources: Tsakalos_2020]
  • leaf_glaucousness (categorical): glaucous (1); not_glaucous (2) [sources: Tsakalos_2020]
  • leaf_hairs_adult_leaves (categorical): hairy (1) [sources: Tsakalos_2020]
  • leaf_stomatal_density_abaxial (numerical): 170.03 {count}/mm2 (170.03-170.03 {count}/mm2) [sources: Jordan_2020]
  • plant_photosynthetic_organ (categorical): leaf (2) [sources: ABRS_2023; Tsakalos_2020]
life history
  • photosynthetic_pathway (categorical): c3 (2) [sources: Munroe_2019; Tsakalos_2020]
  • plant_growth_form (categorical): shrub (6); tree (6) [sources: ABRS_2022; Barrett_2009; Schmidt_1993; Standish_2019; WAH_2022_2; Wenk_2022; Wheeler_2002]
  • life_history (categorical): perennial (11) [sources: ABRS_2022; Burrows_2008_2; Burrows_2020; Jordan_2015; Jordan_2020; Pekin_2011; Standish_2019; Tsakalos_2020; WAH_2022_2; Wenk_2023; Wheeler_2002]
  • woodiness_detailed (categorical): woody (4) [sources: ABRS_2022; Tsakalos_2020; WAH_2022_2; Wenk_2022]
  • stem_growth_habit (categorical): erect (1); prostrate (1) [sources: Tsakalos_2020]
  • leaf_phenology (categorical): evergreen (1) [sources: ABRS_1981]
  • nitrogen_fixing (categorical): non_nitrogen_fixer (2) [sources: Pekin_2011; Standish_2019]
  • root_structure (categorical): non_mycorrhizal (1); proteoid_root (3) [sources: Pekin_2011; Schmidt_1993; Standish_2019]
  • parasitic (categorical): not_parasitic (1) [sources: Tsakalos_2020]
  • flowering_time (categorical): ynnnnnnnnyyy (2); ynnnnnnnyyyy (1); ynnnnnnyyyyy (1) [sources: ABRS_1981; Chen_2017; Tsakalos_2020; WAH_1998]
  • seedbank_location (categorical): canopy_seedbank (1) [sources: Standish_2019]
  • serotiny (categorical): not_serotinous (1) [sources: He_2011]
  • seed_dormancy_class (categorical): non_dormant (1) [sources: Collette_2021]
  • bud_bank_location (categorical): basal_buds (4); epicormic_buds (3) [sources: Barrett_2009; Burrows_2008_2; Burrows_2020; He_2011; Pekin_2011]
nutrient and stable isotope
seed morphology
  • seed_dry_mass (numerical): 59.39 mg (38.87-78 mg) [sources: ANBG_2019; Kew_2019_1; Standish_2019]
  • seed_length (numerical): 35 mm (32-38 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023]
  • seed_width (numerical): 8 mm (7-9 mm) [sources: ABRS_1981]
  • seed_shape (categorical): cuneate (1); ovoid (1) [sources: ABRS_2023]
stem morphology
  • wood_density (numerical): 0.67 mg/mm3 (0.56-0.87 mg/mm3) [sources: Staples_2019]
whole plant morphology

Sources

dataset_idn_traitsn_recordsreference
Staples_2019480T. Staples, J. M. Dwyer, J. R. England, and M. M. Mayfield. “Productivity does not correlate with species and functional diversity in Australian reforestation plantings across a wide climate gradient”. Global Ecology and Biogeography 28.10 (2019), pp. 1417-1429. doi: 10.1111/geb.12962.
Tsakalos_20201718J. L. Tsakalos, M. Renton, F. Riviera, E. J. Veneklaas, M. P. Dobrowolski, and L. Mucina. “Trait-based formal definition of plant functional types and functional communities in the multi-species and multi-traits context”. Ecological Complexity 40 (2019), p. 100787. doi: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2019.100787.
ABRS_20231113Australian Biological Resources Study. Flora of Australia, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2023. url: http://www.ausflora.org.au.
Jordan_20201313G. J. Jordan, R. J. Carpenter, B. R. Holland, N. J. Beeton, M. D. Woodhams, and T. J. Brodribb. “Links between environment and stomatal size through evolutionary time in Proteaceae”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287.1919 (2020), p. 20192876. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2876.
Wheeler_2002810J. R. Wheeler, N. G. Marchant, and M. Lewington. Flora of the south west: Bunbury, Augusta, Denmark. Australian Biological Resources Study ; University of Western Australia Press, 2002. ISBN: 9780642568168.
ABRS_198169B. A. Barlow, H. T. Clifford, A. S. George, and A. K. A. McCusker. Flora of Australia. 1981. url: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/flora/main/.
Barrett_200939S. Barrett, S. Comer, N. McQuoid, M. Porter, C. Tiller, and D. Utber. Identification and Conservation of Fire Sensitive Ecosystems and Species of the South Coast Natural Resource Management Region.. government. Department of Conservation and Land Management, South Coast Region, Western Australia, 2009.
Standish_201999R. Standish. “Unpublished data: Jarrah forest, Murdoch University”. 2019.
Chen_201755Chen, S.-C., Cornwell, W., Z. H.-X., Moles, and A. T. “Plants show more flesh in the tropics: Variation in fruit type along latitudinal and climatic gradients.”. Ecography 40 (2017), pp. 531-538. doi: abs/10.1111/ecog.02010.
Pekin_201155B. K. Pekin, R. S. Wittkuhn, M. M. Boer, C. Macfarlane, and P. F. Grierson. “Plant functional traits along environmental gradients in seasonally dry and fire-prone ecosystem”. Journal of Vegetation Science 22 (2011), pp. 1009-1020. doi: 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2011.01323.x.
Wright_200055I. J. Wright, H. T. Clifford, R. Kidson, M. L. Reed, B. L. Rice, and M. Westoby. “A survey of seed and seedling characters in 1744 Australian dicotyledon species: Cross-species trait correlations and correlated trait-shifts within evolutionary lineages”. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 69 (2000), pp. 521-547. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01222.x.
Burrows_2008_244N. D. Burrows, G. Wardell-Johnson, and B. Ward. “Post-fire juvenile period of plants in south-west Australia forests and implications for fire management”. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 91 (2008), pp. 163-174. ISSN: 0035922X. url: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/19156 (visited on 03/27/2025).
Burrows_202044N. Burrows. Data from 'Plant Ecological Attributes' theme, NatureMap, DBCA, WA. 2020.
Jordan_201544G. J. Jordan, R. J. Carpenter, A. Koutoulis, A. Price, and T. J. Brodribb. “Environmental adaptation in stomatal size independent of the effects of genome size”. New Phytologist 205.2 (2015), pp. 608-617. doi: 10.1111/nph.13076.
Pate_199044J. S. Pate, R. H. Froend, B. J. Bowen, A. Hansen, and J. Kuo. “Seedling growth and storage characteristics of seeder and resprouter species of Mediterranean-type ecosystems of SW Australia”. Annals of Botany 65.6 (1990), pp. 585-601. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087976.
Sjostrom_200644A. Sjöström and C. L. Gross. “Life-history characters and phylogeny are correlated with extinction risk in the Australian angiosperms”. Journal of Biogeography 33.2 (2006), pp. 271-290. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01393.x.
Sweedman_200624L. Sweedman and D. Merritt. Australian Seeds: A Guide to Their Collection, Identification, and Biology. CSIRO Publishing, 2006. ISBN: 9780643094079.
ABRS_202233Australian Biological Resources Study. Flora of Australia, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2022. url: http://www.ausflora.org.au.
He_201133T. He, B. B. Lamont, and K. S. Downes. “Banksia born to burn”. New Phytologist 191.1 (2011), pp. 184-196. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03663.x.
WAH_2022_233Western Australian Herbarium. Florabase—the Western Australian Flora.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2022. url: https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/.
Clarke_201522P. J. Clarke, M. J. Lawes, B. P. Murphy, J. Russell-Smith, C. E. Nano, R. Bradstock, N. J. Enright, J. B. Fontaine, C. R. Gosper, I. Radford, J. J. Midgley, and R. M. Gunton. “A synthesis of postfire recovery traits of woody plants in Australian ecosystems”. Science of The Total Environment 534 (2015), pp. 31-42. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.002.
Schmidt_199322S. Schmidt. “Unpublished data: Compilation of mycorrhizal status data, University of Queensland”. 1993.
WAH_2023_212Western Australian Herbarium. Florabase—the Western Australian Flora.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2023. url: https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/.
Wenk_202222E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant growth forms dataset”. 2022.
ANBG_201911Australian National Botanic Gardens. The National Seed Bank. 2018. url: http://www.anbg.gov.au/gardens/living/seedbank/.
Collette_202111J. C. Collette and M. K. J. Ooi. “Distribution of seed dormancy classes across a fire-prone continent: effects of rainfall seasonality and temperature”. Annals of Botany 127.5 (2021), pp. 613-620. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcaa203.
Kew_2019_111Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. 2019. url: http://data.kew.org/sid/.
Munroe_201911S. E. M. Munroe, F. A. McInerney, J. Andrae, N. Welti, G. R. Guerin, E. Leitch, T. Hall, S. Szarvas, R. Atkins, S. Caddy-Retalic, and B. Sparrow. “The Photosynthetic Pathways of Plant Species Surveyed in Australia's National Terrestrial Monitoring Network”. Scientific Data 8 (2021), p. 97. doi: 10.1038/s41597-021-00877-z.
WAH_199811Western Australian Herbarium. FloraBase: The Western Australian flora. 1998. url: http://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au.
Wenk_202311E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant life history dataset, University of New South Wales, Sydney”. 2023.