Banksia ilicifolia

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Family Proteaceae

Taxonomy: Banksia ilicifolia R.Br.

Synonyms: 4 (APC 2026-07-30)

Banksia aquifolium Lindl. (taxonomic synonym)
Banksia ilicifolia R.Br. var. ilicifolia (nomenclatural synonym)
Banksia ilicifolia var. integrifolia Benth. (taxonomic synonym)
Sirmuellera ilicifolia (R.Br.) Kuntze (nomenclatural synonym)

Distribution (APC): WA

Profiles: APC, Flora of Australia, ALA, iNaturalist, Florabase, ATRP

Traits

Top source datasets: ABRS_1981 (3), ABRS_2022 (3), ABRS_2023 (20), ANBG_2019 (1), Burrows_2008_2 (4), Burrows_2020 (4), Canham_2009 (80), Chen_2017 (4), Choat_2012 (5), Clarke_2015 (2), Collette_2021 (1), Hassiotou_2009 (3), He_2011 (4), Jordan_2020 (3), Kew_2019_1 (1), Munroe_2019 (1), Pate_1990 (4), Sjostrom_2006 (4), Sweedman_2006 (4), Tsakalos_2020 (18), WAH_1998 (1), WAH_2022_2 (4), WAH_2023_2 (1), Wenk_2022 (2), Wenk_2023 (1), Wheeler_2002 (10), Wright_2000 (3), Yang_2023 (2). See below for a full list of sources.
Summary: AusTraits contains 61 traits from 193 records in 28 datasets.

Traits by category (click to expand). For categorical traits, the values are listed. For numerical traits, the mean and range are shown.

fire response

resprouting_capacity (categorical): resprouts (7) [sources: Burrows_2008_2; Burrows_2020; Clarke_2015; He_2011; Pate_1990; Tsakalos_2020; Yang_2023]
post_fire_recruitment (categorical): post_fire_recruitment (2) [sources: Clarke_2015; Pate_1990]
fire_time_from_fire_to_flowering (numerical): 24 mo (24-24 mo) [sources: Burrows_2020]

flower morphology

sex_type (categorical): hermaphrodite (1) [sources: Sjostrom_2006]

fruit morphology

fruit_length (numerical): 17 mm (14-20 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023]
fruit_width (numerical): 13 mm (10-16 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023]
fruit_height (numerical): 18.5 mm (13-24 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023]
fruit_type (categorical): follicle (3) [sources: ABRS_2023; Chen_2017; Sjostrom_2006]
fruit_fleshiness (categorical): dry (3) [sources: Chen_2017; Sjostrom_2006; Tsakalos_2020]
fruit_dehiscence (categorical): dehiscent (2) [sources: Chen_2017; Sjostrom_2006]

leaf morphology

leaf_length (numerical): 62.5 mm (30-100 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023; Wheeler_2002]
leaf_width (numerical): 35 mm (30-40 mm) [sources: Wheeler_2002]
petiole_length (numerical): 0.65 cm (0.3-1 cm) [sources: ABRS_2023]
leaf_mass_per_area (numerical): 159 g/m2 (159-159 g/m2) [sources: Hassiotou_2009]
leaf_shape (categorical): elliptical (2); obovate (1) [sources: ABRS_2023; Wheeler_2002]
leaf_margin (categorical): entire (1); toothed (1); toothed_serrate (1) [sources: ABRS_2023; Tsakalos_2020]
leaf_lobation (categorical): unlobed (1) [sources: Wheeler_2002]
leaf_compoundness (categorical): simple (3) [sources: ABRS_1981; Tsakalos_2020; Wheeler_2002]
leaf_lamina_posture (categorical): flat (1); undulate (1) [sources: ABRS_2023; Tsakalos_2020]
leaf_glaucousness (categorical): not_glaucous (2) [sources: Tsakalos_2020]
leaf_hairs_adult_leaves (categorical): hairy (1) [sources: Tsakalos_2020]
plant_photosynthetic_organ (categorical): leaf (2) [sources: ABRS_2023; Tsakalos_2020]

life history

photosynthetic_pathway (categorical): c3 (2) [sources: Munroe_2019; Tsakalos_2020]
plant_growth_form (categorical): shrub (1); tree (4) [sources: ABRS_2022; WAH_2022_2; Wenk_2022; Wheeler_2002]
life_history (categorical): perennial (8) [sources: ABRS_2022; Burrows_2008_2; Burrows_2020; Jordan_2020; Tsakalos_2020; WAH_2022_2; Wenk_2023; Wheeler_2002]
woodiness_detailed (categorical): woody (4) [sources: ABRS_2022; Tsakalos_2020; WAH_2022_2; Wenk_2022]
stem_growth_habit (categorical): erect (2) [sources: Tsakalos_2020; WAH_2022_2]
parasitic (categorical): not_parasitic (1) [sources: Tsakalos_2020]
flowering_time (categorical): yyyyyyyyyyyy (2) [sources: Tsakalos_2020; WAH_1998]
serotiny (categorical): serotinous (1) [sources: He_2011]
seed_dormancy_class (categorical): non_dormant (1) [sources: Collette_2021]
storage_organ (categorical): lignotuber (1) [sources: He_2011]
bud_bank_location (categorical): basal_buds (1); epicormic_buds (4) [sources: Burrows_2008_2; Burrows_2020; He_2011; Yang_2023]

seed morphology

seed_dry_mass (numerical): 43.4 mg (36.73-50.07 mg) [sources: ANBG_2019; Kew_2019_1]
seed_length (numerical): 6 mm (5-7 mm) [sources: ABRS_1981]
seed_width (numerical): 10.5 mm (9-12 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023]
seed_shape (categorical): ellipsoid (1) [sources: ABRS_2023]

stem morphology

huber_value (numerical): 0 mm2{sapwood}/mm2{leaf} (0-0 mm2{sapwood}/mm2{leaf}) [sources: Canham_2009]

whole plant morphology

plant_height (numerical): 10.67 m (10-12 m) [sources: ABRS_2023; WAH_2023_2; Wheeler_2002]
plant_physical_defence_structures (categorical): absent (1) [sources: Tsakalos_2020]

Sources

dataset_id	n_traits	n_records	reference
Canham_2009	4	80	C. A. Canham, R. H. Froend, and W. D. Stock. “Water stress vulnerability of four Banksia species in contrasting ecohydrological habitats on the Gnangara Mound, Western Australia”. Plant, Cell and Environment 32.1 (2009), pp. 64-72. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01904.x.
ABRS_2023	14	20	Australian Biological Resources Study. Flora of Australia, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2023. url: http://www.ausflora.org.au.
Tsakalos_2020	17	18	J. L. Tsakalos, M. Renton, F. Riviera, E. J. Veneklaas, M. P. Dobrowolski, and L. Mucina. “Trait-based formal definition of plant functional types and functional communities in the multi-species and multi-traits context”. Ecological Complexity 40 (2019), p. 100787. doi: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2019.100787.
Wheeler_2002	8	10	J. R. Wheeler, N. G. Marchant, and M. Lewington. Flora of the south west: Bunbury, Augusta, Denmark. Australian Biological Resources Study ; University of Western Australia Press, 2002. ISBN: 9780642568168.
Choat_2012	5	5	B. Choat, S. Jansen, T. J. Brodribb, H. Cochard, S. Delzon, R. Bhaskar, S. J. Bucci, T. S. Feild, S. M. Gleason, U. G. Hacke, A. L. Jacobsen, F. Lens, H. Maherali, J. Martinez-Vilalta, S. Mayr, M. Mencuccini, P. J. Mitchell, A. Nardini, J. Pittermann, R. B. Pratt, J. S. Sperry, M. Westoby, I. J. Wright, and A. E. Zanne. “Global convergence in the vulnerability of forests to drought”. Nature 491.7426 (2012), pp. 752-755. doi: 10.1038/nature11688.
Burrows_2008_2	4	4	N. D. Burrows, G. Wardell-Johnson, and B. Ward. “Post-fire juvenile period of plants in south-west Australia forests and implications for fire management”. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 91 (2008), pp. 163-174. ISSN: 0035922X. url: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/19156 (visited on 03/27/2025).
Burrows_2020	4	4	N. Burrows. Data from 'Plant Ecological Attributes' theme, NatureMap, DBCA, WA. 2020.
Chen_2017	4	4	Chen, S.-C., Cornwell, W., Z. H.-X., Moles, and A. T. “Plants show more flesh in the tropics: Variation in fruit type along latitudinal and climatic gradients.”. Ecography 40 (2017), pp. 531-538. doi: abs/10.1111/ecog.02010.
He_2011	4	4	T. He, B. B. Lamont, and K. S. Downes. “Banksia born to burn”. New Phytologist 191.1 (2011), pp. 184-196. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03663.x.
Pate_1990	4	4	J. S. Pate, R. H. Froend, B. J. Bowen, A. Hansen, and J. Kuo. “Seedling growth and storage characteristics of seeder and resprouter species of Mediterranean-type ecosystems of SW Australia”. Annals of Botany 65.6 (1990), pp. 585-601. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087976.
Sjostrom_2006	4	4	A. Sjöström and C. L. Gross. “Life-history characters and phylogeny are correlated with extinction risk in the Australian angiosperms”. Journal of Biogeography 33.2 (2006), pp. 271-290. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01393.x.
Sweedman_2006	2	4	L. Sweedman and D. Merritt. Australian Seeds: A Guide to Their Collection, Identification, and Biology. CSIRO Publishing, 2006. ISBN: 9780643094079.
WAH_2022_2	4	4	Western Australian Herbarium. Florabase—the Western Australian Flora.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2022. url: https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/.
ABRS_1981	2	3	B. A. Barlow, H. T. Clifford, A. S. George, and A. K. A. McCusker. Flora of Australia. 1981. url: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/flora/main/.
ABRS_2022	3	3	Australian Biological Resources Study. Flora of Australia, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2022. url: http://www.ausflora.org.au.
Hassiotou_2009	3	3	F. Hassiotou, J. R. Evans, M. Ludwig, and E. J. Veneklaas. “Stomatal crypts may facilitate diffusion of CO2 to adaxial mesophyll cells in thick sclerophylls”. Plant, Cell and Environment 32 (2009), pp. 1596-1611. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02024.x.
Jordan_2020	3	3	G. J. Jordan, R. J. Carpenter, B. R. Holland, N. J. Beeton, M. D. Woodhams, and T. J. Brodribb. “Links between environment and stomatal size through evolutionary time in Proteaceae”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287.1919 (2020), p. 20192876. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2876.
Wright_2000	3	3	I. J. Wright, H. T. Clifford, R. Kidson, M. L. Reed, B. L. Rice, and M. Westoby. “A survey of seed and seedling characters in 1744 Australian dicotyledon species: Cross-species trait correlations and correlated trait-shifts within evolutionary lineages”. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 69 (2000), pp. 521-547. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01222.x.
Clarke_2015	2	2	P. J. Clarke, M. J. Lawes, B. P. Murphy, J. Russell-Smith, C. E. Nano, R. Bradstock, N. J. Enright, J. B. Fontaine, C. R. Gosper, I. Radford, J. J. Midgley, and R. M. Gunton. “A synthesis of postfire recovery traits of woody plants in Australian ecosystems”. Science of The Total Environment 534 (2015), pp. 31-42. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.002.
Wenk_2022	2	2	E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant growth forms dataset”. 2022.
Yang_2023	2	2	S. Yang. “Unpublished data: Fire response traits scored from national and state floras and the taxonomic literature, University of New South Wales”. 2023.
ANBG_2019	1	1	Australian National Botanic Gardens. The National Seed Bank. 2018. url: http://www.anbg.gov.au/gardens/living/seedbank/.
Collette_2021	1	1	J. C. Collette and M. K. J. Ooi. “Distribution of seed dormancy classes across a fire-prone continent: effects of rainfall seasonality and temperature”. Annals of Botany 127.5 (2021), pp. 613-620. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcaa203.
Kew_2019_1	1	1	Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. 2019. url: http://data.kew.org/sid/.
Munroe_2019	1	1	S. E. M. Munroe, F. A. McInerney, J. Andrae, N. Welti, G. R. Guerin, E. Leitch, T. Hall, S. Szarvas, R. Atkins, S. Caddy-Retalic, and B. Sparrow. “The Photosynthetic Pathways of Plant Species Surveyed in Australia's National Terrestrial Monitoring Network”. Scientific Data 8 (2021), p. 97. doi: 10.1038/s41597-021-00877-z.
WAH_1998	1	1	Western Australian Herbarium. FloraBase: The Western Australian flora. 1998. url: http://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au.
WAH_2023_2	1	1	Western Australian Herbarium. Florabase—the Western Australian Flora.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2023. url: https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/.
Wenk_2023	1	1	E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant life history dataset, University of New South Wales, Sydney”. 2023.