AusTraits

Banksia marginata

Explore the data for this taxon in the portal

Family Proteaceae

Taxonomy: Banksia marginata Cav.

Synonyms: 23 (APC 2026-07-30)
  • Banksia australis R.Br. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Banksia australis R.Br. var. australis (taxonomic synonym)
  • Banksia australis var. depressa (R.Br.) Hook.f. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Banksia depressa R.Br. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Banksia depressa R.Br. var. depressa (taxonomic synonym)
  • Banksia depressa var. subintegra Meisn. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Banksia ferrea Spreng. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Banksia gunnii Meisn. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Banksia insularis R.Br. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Banksia marcescens Bonpl. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Banksia marginata Cav. var. marginata (taxonomic synonym)
  • Banksia marginata var. cavanillesii Endl. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Banksia marginata var. diffusa Endl. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Banksia marginata var. humilis Meisn. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Banksia marginata var. microstachia J.Wrigley & Fagg (taxonomic synonym)
  • Banksia marginata var. microstachya (Cav.) Sims (taxonomic synonym)
  • Banksia marginata var. δ R.Br. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Banksia microstachya Cav. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Banksia microstachya Cav. var. microstachya (taxonomic synonym)
  • Banksia microstachya var. marginata (Cav.) Domin (nomenclatural synonym)
  • Banksia oblongifolia Lodd., G.Lodd. & W.Lodd. (doubtful taxonomic synonym)
  • Banksia patula R.Br. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Sirmuellera microstachya (Cav.) Kuntze (taxonomic synonym)

Distribution (APC): SA, NSW, ACT, Vic, Tas

Profiles: APC, Flora of Australia, ALA, iNaturalist, NSW Flora, SA eFlora, Vic Flora, ATRP

Traits

Top source datasets: ABRS_1981 (5), ABRS_2022 (3), ABRS_2023 (25), ANBG_2019 (6), Caldwell_2016 (30), Carey_2003 (3), Cheal_2017 (8), Chen_2017 (5), Clarke_2009 (3), Clarke_2015 (6), Collette_2021 (1), Doherty_2021 (3), Dong_2017 (22), Draper_2023 (3), Edwards_2000 (68), Falster_2003 (3), French_2017 (3), Grootemaat_2015 (224), Groves_1986 (128), He_2011 (3), Henery_2001 (3), Hughes_1992 (5), Ilic_2000 (1), Jordan_2001 (7), Jordan_2007 (8), Jordan_2015 (4), Jordan_2020 (11), Kew_2019_1 (9), Kew_2019_6 (2), Kubiak_2009 (10), Leishman_1993 (1), Leishman_1995 (7), McGlone_2015 (6), Mokany_2015 (1), Morgan_2011_1 (5), Munroe_2019 (1), NHNSW_2014_2 (2), NHNSW_2022 (3), NHNSW_2023 (18), NSWFRD_2014 (25), Nicholson_2017 (8), Niinemets_2009 (98), Ooi_2007 (9), Peeters_2002 (12), Pickup_2021 (5), Prior_2016 (3), RBGV_2022 (3), RBGV_2023 (21), Read_2003 (47), Roderick_1999 (6), Rosell_2014 (8), SAH_2014 (4), SAH_2022 (3), SAH_2023 (16), Sjostrom_2006 (4), Tng_2013 (6), Wenk_2022 (2), Wenk_2023 (1), Westoby_2014 (70), White_2020 (20), Williams_2011 (11), Wright_2000 (5), Wright_2001 (2), Wright_2002 (62), Wright_2009 (48), Yang_2023 (6), Zieminska_2013 (30). See below for a full list of sources.
Summary: AusTraits contains 237 traits from 1,191 records in 67 datasets.

Traits by category (click to expand). For categorical traits, the values are listed. For numerical traits, the mean and range are shown.

fire response
  • resprouting_capacity (categorical): fire_killed (11); resprouts (7) [sources: Carey_2003; Cheal_2017; Clarke_2015; Doherty_2021; French_2017; He_2011; Kubiak_2009; NSWFRD_2014; Nicholson_2017; Pickup_2021; Prior_2016; White_2020; Yang_2023]
  • post_fire_recruitment (categorical): post_fire_recruitment (5); post_fire_recruitment_absent (2) [sources: Carey_2003; Cheal_2017; Clarke_2015; Pickup_2021; Yang_2023]
flower morphology
  • flower_colour (categorical): yellow_orange (1) [sources: NHNSW_2014_2]
  • sex_type (categorical): hermaphrodite (2); monoecious (1) [sources: Jordan_2001; Sjostrom_2006]
fruit morphology
  • fruit_length (numerical): 12 mm (7-17 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023]
  • fruit_width (numerical): 19 mm (2-40 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023; SAH_2023]
  • fruit_height (numerical): 3.5 mm (2-5 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023]
  • fruit_type (categorical): follicle (6) [sources: ABRS_2023; Chen_2017; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023; Sjostrom_2006]
  • fruit_fleshiness (categorical): dry (3) [sources: Chen_2017; Jordan_2001; Sjostrom_2006]
  • fruit_dehiscence (categorical): dehiscent (5) [sources: ABRS_2023; Chen_2017; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; Sjostrom_2006]
leaf morphology
  • leaf_area (numerical): 260.16 mm2 (72.63-942.48 mm2) [sources: Caldwell_2016; Edwards_2000; Falster_2003; Grootemaat_2015; Jordan_2007; Jordan_2020; Leishman_1995; Mokany_2015; Niinemets_2009; Peeters_2002; Read_2003; Tng_2013; Westoby_2014; Wright_2002]
  • leaf_length (numerical): 49.23 mm (10-80 mm) [sources: Grootemaat_2015; McGlone_2015; ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2014]
  • leaf_width (numerical): 9 mm (3-15 mm) [sources: Grootemaat_2015; McGlone_2015; ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2014]
  • leaf_dry_mass (numerical): 59.11 mg (19.1-114 mg) [sources: Caldwell_2016; Grootemaat_2015; Read_2003]
  • petiole_length (numerical): 0.35 cm (0.2-0.5 cm) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • leaf_mass_per_area (numerical): 195.48 g/m2 (129-271.72 g/m2) [sources: Caldwell_2016; Dong_2017; Edwards_2000; Grootemaat_2015; Jordan_2007; Jordan_2020; Leishman_1995; Niinemets_2009; Peeters_2002; Read_2003; Roderick_1999; Tng_2013; Westoby_2014; Williams_2011; Wright_2002]
  • leaf_dry_matter_content (numerical): 0.48 g/g (0.44-0.55 g/g) [sources: Read_2003]
  • leaf_water_content_per_dry_mass (numerical): 0.9 g/g (0.85-1.05 g/g) [sources: Caldwell_2016; Grootemaat_2015]
  • leaf_type (categorical): broadleaf (1) [sources: Peeters_2002]
  • leaf_shape (categorical): lanceolate (1); linear (4); narrowly_obovate (1); oblong (4); obtriangular (3) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • leaf_base_shape (categorical): attenuate (1) [sources: NHNSW_2023]
  • leaf_margin (categorical): entire (4); toothed (1); toothed_serrate (3) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • leaf_margin_posture (categorical): revolute (1) [sources: ABRS_2023]
  • leaf_compoundness (categorical): simple (8) [sources: ABRS_1981; Edwards_2000; Falster_2003; McGlone_2015; NHNSW_2023; Peeters_2002; RBGV_2023; Read_2003]
  • leaf_lamina_posture (categorical): flat (2); recurved (1); revolute (2) [sources: RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • leaf_hairs_adult_leaves (categorical): glabrous (1) [sources: Jordan_2020]
  • leaf_phyllotaxis (categorical): alternate (3) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023]
  • leaf_arrangement (categorical): scattered (2) [sources: RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • leaf_inclination_angle (numerical): 53.1 deg (53.1-53.1 deg) [sources: Falster_2003]
  • plant_photosynthetic_organ (categorical): leaf (4) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
life history
  • photosynthetic_pathway (categorical): c3 (3) [sources: Munroe_2019; White_2020; Williams_2011]
  • plant_growth_form (categorical): shrub (15); tree (8) [sources: ABRS_2022; Clarke_2009; Edwards_2000; Hughes_1992; Leishman_1995; McGlone_2015; NHNSW_2022; NSWFRD_2014; Peeters_2002; Pickup_2021; RBGV_2022; SAH_2022; Wenk_2022; White_2020; Williams_2011]
  • life_form (categorical): phanerophyte (2) [sources: Morgan_2011_1; Williams_2011]
  • life_history (categorical): perennial (10) [sources: ABRS_2022; Cheal_2017; Jordan_2001; Jordan_2015; Jordan_2020; Morgan_2011_1; NHNSW_2022; RBGV_2022; SAH_2022; Wenk_2023]
  • woodiness_detailed (categorical): woody (5) [sources: ABRS_2022; NHNSW_2022; RBGV_2022; SAH_2022; Wenk_2022]
  • leaf_phenology (categorical): evergreen (4) [sources: ABRS_1981; Edwards_2000; Jordan_2007; Peeters_2002]
  • nitrogen_fixing (categorical): non_nitrogen_fixer (4) [sources: Dong_2017; Edwards_2000; White_2020; Williams_2011]
  • root_structure (categorical): proteoid_root (1) [sources: Williams_2011]
  • parasitic (categorical): not_parasitic (1) [sources: White_2020]
  • pollination_syndrome (categorical): bird (1); insect (2); mammal (1); vertebrate (1) [sources: Draper_2023; White_2020]
  • pollination_system (categorical): biotic_unspecialised (1) [sources: Williams_2011]
  • dispersal_syndrome (categorical): anemochory (8); barochory (2) [sources: Draper_2023; Hughes_1992; Leishman_1995; Morgan_2011_1; NSWFRD_2014; White_2020; Williams_2011]
  • dispersers (categorical): wind (5) [sources: Draper_2023; Leishman_1995; NSWFRD_2014; White_2020]
  • flowering_time (categorical): nyyyyyynnnnn (7) [sources: ABRS_1981; Chen_2017; Hughes_1992; NHNSW_2014_2; NSWFRD_2014; White_2020]
  • seedbank_location (categorical): canopy_seedbank (6) [sources: Clarke_2009; Doherty_2021; NSWFRD_2014; Pickup_2021; Yang_2023]
  • serotiny (categorical): not_serotinous (1); serotinous (3) [sources: He_2011; Hughes_1992; Yang_2023]
  • seedbank_longevity_class (categorical): long_persistent (1); persistent (1); transient (1) [sources: Cheal_2017; Pickup_2021; White_2020]
  • seed_dormancy_class (categorical): non_dormant (2) [sources: Collette_2021; Ooi_2007]
  • vegetative_reproduction_ability (categorical): not_vegetative (2) [sources: Morgan_2011_1; White_2020]
  • clonal_spread_mechanism (categorical): non_clonal (1) [sources: Williams_2011]
  • storage_organ (categorical): lignotuber (3); no_storage_organ (1) [sources: NSWFRD_2014; SAH_2023; Yang_2023]
  • bud_bank_location (categorical): basal_buds (2); basal_stem_buds (2); bud-bearing_root (2); epicormic_buds (1); none (4); underground_buds (1) [sources: Carey_2003; Clarke_2015; Doherty_2021; French_2017; He_2011; NSWFRD_2014; Prior_2016; Yang_2023]
nutrient and stable isotope
  • leaf_N_per_dry_mass (numerical): 8.98 mg/g (3.93-16.01 mg/g) [sources: Caldwell_2016; Dong_2017; Edwards_2000; Groves_1986; Niinemets_2009; Peeters_2002; Read_2003; Roderick_1999; Westoby_2014; Wright_2002]
  • leaf_P_per_dry_mass (numerical): 0.36 mg/g (0.08-1.01 mg/g) [sources: Edwards_2000; Groves_1986; Niinemets_2009; Read_2003; Westoby_2014; Wright_2002]
  • leaf_delta13C (numerical): -28.93 {delta}[ppth] (-30.74--27.25 {delta}[ppth]) [sources: Dong_2017; Niinemets_2009; Tng_2013; Westoby_2014; Wright_2002]
physiology
seed morphology
  • seed_dry_mass (numerical): 8.77 mg (5.81-12.07 mg) [sources: ANBG_2019; Henery_2001; Kew_2019_1; Leishman_1993; Leishman_1995; Ooi_2007; Williams_2011; Wright_2001]
  • seed_length (numerical): 10.54 mm (5-15 mm) [sources: ANBG_2019; Jordan_2001; ABRS_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • seed_width (numerical): 2.95 mm (2-4 mm) [sources: ANBG_2019; Jordan_2001; ABRS_1981]
  • seed_shape (categorical): comma-shaped (1); cuneate (3); ovoid (2); winged (4) [sources: ABRS_2023; ANBG_2019; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
stem morphology
  • wood_density (numerical): 0.55 mg/mm3 (0.47-0.68 mg/mm3) [sources: Ilic_2000; Rosell_2014; Tng_2013; Westoby_2014; Zieminska_2013]
  • huber_value (numerical): 0 mm2{sapwood}/mm2{leaf} (0-0 mm2{sapwood}/mm2{leaf}) [sources: Westoby_2014]
  • stem_vessel_density (numerical): 733.99 {count}/mm2 (404.95-923.61 {count}/mm2) [sources: Zieminska_2013]
  • stem_vessel_diameter (numerical): 20.24 um (17.64-24.56 um) [sources: Zieminska_2013]
  • stem_vessel_lumen_fraction (numerical): 0.22 mm2/mm2 (0.19-0.24 mm2/mm2) [sources: Zieminska_2013]
whole plant morphology

Sources

dataset_idn_traitsn_recordsreference
Grootemaat_201517224S. Grootemaat, I. J. Wright, P. M. Bodegom, J. H. C. Cornelissen, and W. K. Cornwell. “Burn or rot: leaf traits explain why flammability and decomposability are decoupled across species”. Functional Ecology 29.11 (2015), pp. 1486-1497. doi: 10.1111/1365-2435.12449.
Groves_198647128R. Groves, P. Hocking, and A. Mcmahon. “Distribution of biomass, nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients in Banksia marginata and B. ornata shoots of different ages after fire.”. Australian Journal of Botany 34.6 (1986), pp. 709-725. doi: 10.1071/bt9860709.
Niinemets_20092698Ü. Niinemets, I. J. Wright, and J. R. Evans. “Leaf mesophyll diffusion conductance in 35 Australian sclerophylls covering a broad range of foliage structural and physiological variation”. Journal of Experimental Botany 60 (2009), pp. 2433-2449. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erp045.
Westoby_20143370S. M. Gleason, D. W. Butler, K. Zieminska, P. Waryszak, and M. Westoby. “Stem xylem conductivity is key to plant water balance across Australian angiosperm species”. Functional Ecology 26 (2012), pp. 343-352. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.01962.x.
Edwards_20001668C. Edwards, J. Read, and G. D. Sanson. “Characterising sclerophylly: some mechanical properties of leaves from heath and forest”. Oecologia 123.2 (2000), pp. 158-167. doi: 10.1007/s004420051001.
Wright_20023462I. J. Wright and M. Westoby. “Leaves at low versus high rainfall: Coordination of structure, lifespan and physiology”. New Phytologist 155 (2002), pp. 403-416. doi: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00479.x.
Wright_20091348I. J. Wright. “Unpublished data: Leaf pigment and reflectance data for sclerophylls, Macquarie University”. 2009.
Read_20031847J. Read and G. D. Sanson. “Characterizing sclerophylly: the mechanical properties of a diverse range of leaf types”. New Phytologist 160.1 (2003), pp. 81-99. doi: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00855.x.
Caldwell_2016630E. Caldwell, J. Read, and G. D. Sanson. “Which leaf mechanical traits correlate with insect herbivory among feeding guilds?”. Annals of Botany 117 (2015), pp. 349-361. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcv178.
Zieminska_20131030K. Ziemińska, D. W. Butler, S. M. Gleason, I. J. Wright, and M. Westoby. “Fibre wall and lumen fractions drive wood density variation across 24 Australian angiosperms”. AoB PLANTS 5 (2013), p. plt046. doi: 10.1093/aobpla/plt046.
ABRS_20231725Australian Biological Resources Study. Flora of Australia, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2023. url: http://www.ausflora.org.au.
NSWFRD_20141225B. Kenny, C. Orscheg, E. Tasker, M. A. Gill, and R. Bradstock. NSW Flora Fire Response Database, v2.1. database. NSW Department of Planning Industry and Environment, 2014.
Dong_2017822N. Dong, I. C. Prentice, B. J. Evans, S. Caddy-Retalic, A. J. Lowe, and I. J. Wright. “Leaf nitrogen from first principles: field evidence for adaptive variation with climate”. Biogeosciences 14.2 (2017), pp. 481-495. doi: 10.5194/bg-14-481-2017.
RBGV_20231621VicFlora. Flora of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2023. url: https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/.
White_20202020M. White, S. Sinclair, and D. Frood. Victorian Vital Attributes Database. database. Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Victoria, 2020.
NHNSW_20231418N. H. of New South Wales. The Plant Information Network System of The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Version 2.0.. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2023. url: https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
SAH_20231216S. H. of South Australia. eFlora of SA, Electronic Flora of South Australia. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/.
Peeters_20021212P. J. Peeters. “Correlations between leaf structural traits and the densities of herbivorous insect guilds”. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 77 (2002), pp. 43-65. doi: 10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00091.x.
Jordan_20201111G. J. Jordan, R. J. Carpenter, B. R. Holland, N. J. Beeton, M. D. Woodhams, and T. J. Brodribb. “Links between environment and stomatal size through evolutionary time in Proteaceae”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287.1919 (2020), p. 20192876. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2876.
Williams_20111111R. P. Duncan, S. E. Clemants, R. T. Corlett, A. K. Hahs, M. A. McCarthy, M. J. McDonnell, M. W. Schwartz, K. Thompson, P. A. Vesk, and N. S. G. Williams. “Plant traits and extinction in urban areas: a meta-analysis of 11 cities”. Global Ecology and Biogeography 20.4 (2011), pp. 509-519. doi: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00633.x.
Kubiak_2009610P. J. Kubiak. “Fire responses of bushland plants after the January 1994 wildfires in northern Sydney”. Cunninghamia 11.1 (2009), pp. 131-165.
Kew_2019_119Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. 2019. url: http://data.kew.org/sid/.
Ooi_200729M. K. J. Ooi, P. Myerscough, and T. Auld. “Unpublished data: Longterm seed mass field campaign, University of New South Wales”. 2007.
Cheal_201788D. Cheal. Growth stages and tolerable fire intervals for Victoria's native vegetation data sets. Fire and adaptive management, report no. 84. Victorian Government Department of Sustainability and Environment Melbourne, 2010.
Jordan_200788G. J. Jordan. “Unpublished data: Leaf traits for Tasmanian species, University of Tasmania”. 2007.
Nicholson_201728A. Nicholson, L. D. Prior, G. L. W. Perry, and D. M. J. S. Bowman. “High post-fire mortality of resprouting woody plants in Tasmanian Mediterranean-type vegetation”. International Journal of Wildland Fire 26 (2017), pp. 532-537. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/WF16211.
Rosell_201488J. A. Rosell, S. Gleason, R. Mendez-Alonzo, Y. Chang, and M. Westoby. “Bark functional ecology: Evidence for tradeoffs, functional coordination, and environment producing bark diversity”. New Phytologist 201.2 (2014), pp. 486-497. doi: 10.1111/nph.12541.
Jordan_200177G. J. Jordan. “An investigation of long-distance dispersal based on species native to both Tasmania and New Zealand”. Australian Journal of Botany 49.3 (2001), pp. 333-340. doi: 10.1071/bt00024.
Leishman_199577M. R. Leishman, M. Westoby, and E. Jurado. “Correlates of seed size variation: A comparison among five temperate floras”. Journal of Ecology 83 (1995), pp. 517-529. doi: 10.2307/2261604.
ANBG_201966Australian National Botanic Gardens. The National Seed Bank. 2018. url: http://www.anbg.gov.au/gardens/living/seedbank/.
Clarke_201536P. J. Clarke, M. J. Lawes, B. P. Murphy, J. Russell-Smith, C. E. Nano, R. Bradstock, N. J. Enright, J. B. Fontaine, C. R. Gosper, I. Radford, J. J. Midgley, and R. M. Gunton. “A synthesis of postfire recovery traits of woody plants in Australian ecosystems”. Science of The Total Environment 534 (2015), pp. 31-42. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.002.
McGlone_201566M. S. McGlone, S. J. Richardson, G. J. Jordan, and G. L. Perry. “Is there a `suboptimal' woody species height? A response to Scheffer et al.”. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 30.1 (2015), pp. 4-5. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.09.007.
Roderick_199936M. L. Roderick, S. L. Berry, and I. R. Noble. “The relationship between leaf composition and morphology at elevated CO2 concentrations”. New Phytologist 143.1 (1999), pp. 63-72. doi: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00438.x.
Tng_201366D. Y. P. Tng, G. J. Jordan, and D. M. J. S. Bowman. “Plant traits demonstrate that temperate and tropical giant Eucalypt forests are ecologically convergent with rainforest not savanna”. PLoS ONE 8 (2013), p. e84378. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084378.
Yang_202366S. Yang. “Unpublished data: Fire response traits scored from national and state floras and the taxonomic literature, University of New South Wales”. 2023.
ABRS_198145B. A. Barlow, H. T. Clifford, A. S. George, and A. K. A. McCusker. Flora of Australia. 1981. url: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/flora/main/.
Chen_201755Chen, S.-C., Cornwell, W., Z. H.-X., Moles, and A. T. “Plants show more flesh in the tropics: Variation in fruit type along latitudinal and climatic gradients.”. Ecography 40 (2017), pp. 531-538. doi: abs/10.1111/ecog.02010.
Hughes_199255L. Hughes and B. Rice. “Unpublished data: Traits data for 643 species, Macquarie University”. 1992.
Morgan_2011_155J. Morgan. “Unpublished data: Grassy woodland traits, La Trobe University”. 2011.
Pickup_202155M. Pickup and T. McDonald. Bushfire impacts — A national model for assessing local landscape restoration priorities. Project Phoenix Report. Greening Australia, 2021. url: https://www.greeningaustralia.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/1.02R2.pdf.
Wright_200055I. J. Wright, H. T. Clifford, R. Kidson, M. L. Reed, B. L. Rice, and M. Westoby. “A survey of seed and seedling characters in 1744 Australian dicotyledon species: Cross-species trait correlations and correlated trait-shifts within evolutionary lineages”. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 69 (2000), pp. 521-547. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01222.x.
Jordan_201544G. J. Jordan, R. J. Carpenter, A. Koutoulis, A. Price, and T. J. Brodribb. “Environmental adaptation in stomatal size independent of the effects of genome size”. New Phytologist 205.2 (2015), pp. 608-617. doi: 10.1111/nph.13076.
SAH_201424J. P. Jessop and H. R. Toelken. Flora of South Australia, 4th edition, 4 vols. Electronic version curated by J. Kellermann, State Herbarium of South Australia.. Government Printer, Adelaide, 1986.
Sjostrom_200644A. Sjöström and C. L. Gross. “Life-history characters and phylogeny are correlated with extinction risk in the Australian angiosperms”. Journal of Biogeography 33.2 (2006), pp. 271-290. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01393.x.
ABRS_202233Australian Biological Resources Study. Flora of Australia, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2022. url: http://www.ausflora.org.au.
Carey_200333A. C. &. M. E. &. P. H. &. M. L. &. T. M. &. P. O. &. S. S. &. D. S. &. N. Webb. Wildfires in the ACT 2003: Report on Initial Impacts on Natural Ecosystems. Technical Report No. 17. Environment ACT, 2003. url: https://www.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/2539593/17-wildfires-in-the-act-report-on-initial-impacts-on-natural-ecosystems-2003.pdf.
Clarke_200933P. J. Clarke, K. J. E. Knox, M. L. Campbell, and L. M. Copeland. “Post-fire recovery of woody plants in the New England Tableland Bioregion”. Cunninghamia 11 (2009), pp. 221-239. doi: https://hdl.handle.net/1959.11/4907.
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