AusTraits

Banksia spinulosa

Explore the data for this taxon in the portal

Family Proteaceae

Taxonomy: Banksia spinulosa Sm.

Synonyms: 1 (APC 2026-07-30)
  • Sirmuellera spinulosa (Sm.) Kuntze (nomenclatural synonym)

Distribution (APC): Qld, NSW, Vic

Profiles: APC, Flora of Australia, ALA, iNaturalist, NSW Flora, Vic Flora, ATRP

Traits

Top source datasets: ABRS_1981 (3), ABRS_2022 (3), ABRS_2023 (21), ANBG_2019 (1), Bragg_2002 (1), Campbell_2006 (6), Chen_2017 (4), Clarke_2015 (2), Collette_2021 (1), Duncan_1998 (14), Edwards_2000 (36), Fonseca_2000 (5), Henery_2001 (3), Hughes_1992 (5), Jordan_2020 (12), Kew_2019_1 (5), Knox_2011 (6), Kubiak_2009 (5), Lee_2019 (11), Leishman_1993 (1), Leishman_1995 (6), Leishman_2007 (27), McGlone_2015 (6), Munroe_2019 (1), NHNSW_2014_2 (3), NHNSW_2022 (3), NHNSW_2023 (21), NSWFRD_2014 (8), Niinemets_2009 (74), Ooi_2007 (82), Peeters_2002 (12), Schmidt_1993 (1), Sjostrom_2006 (4), Tsujii_2023 (13), Wenk_2022 (2), Wenk_2023 (1), Westoby_2003 (5), Westoby_2014 (41), White_2020 (19), Wright_2000 (5), Wright_2009 (35), Yang_2023 (5). See below for a full list of sources.
Summary: AusTraits contains 170 traits from 519 records in 42 datasets.

Traits by category (click to expand). For categorical traits, the values are listed. For numerical traits, the mean and range are shown.

fire response
  • resprouting_capacity (categorical): fire_killed (1); resprouts (5) [sources: Campbell_2006; Clarke_2015; Knox_2011; Kubiak_2009; NSWFRD_2014; White_2020]
  • post_fire_recruitment (categorical): post_fire_recruitment (2) [sources: Campbell_2006; Yang_2023]
flower morphology
  • flower_colour (categorical): blue_purple (1); yellow_orange (1) [sources: NHNSW_2014_2]
  • sex_type (categorical): hermaphrodite (1) [sources: Sjostrom_2006]
fruit morphology
  • fruit_length (numerical): 17 mm (10-24 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023]
  • fruit_width (numerical): 8.5 mm (3-14 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023]
  • fruit_height (numerical): 6 mm (5-7 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023]
  • fruit_type (categorical): follicle (4) [sources: ABRS_2023; Chen_2017; NHNSW_2023; Sjostrom_2006]
  • fruit_fleshiness (categorical): dry (2) [sources: Chen_2017; Sjostrom_2006]
  • fruit_dehiscence (categorical): dehiscent (3) [sources: Chen_2017; NHNSW_2023; Sjostrom_2006]
leaf morphology
  • leaf_area (numerical): 157.4 mm2 (55-438.6 mm2) [sources: Bragg_2002; Duncan_1998; Edwards_2000; Fonseca_2000; Jordan_2020; Leishman_1995; Niinemets_2009; Peeters_2002; Westoby_2003; Westoby_2014]
  • leaf_length (numerical): 47.5 mm (3-100 mm) [sources: McGlone_2015; ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023]
  • leaf_width (numerical): 3.93 mm (1-10 mm) [sources: Fonseca_2000; McGlone_2015; NHNSW_2023]
  • leaf_dry_mass (numerical): 18.55 mg (16-21.1 mg) [sources: Duncan_1998; Fonseca_2000]
  • petiole_length (numerical): 0.2 cm (0.1-0.3 cm) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023]
  • leaf_mass_per_area (numerical): 213.45 g/m2 (139.72-281.4 g/m2) [sources: Duncan_1998; Edwards_2000; Fonseca_2000; Jordan_2020; Knox_2011; Leishman_1995; Leishman_2007; Niinemets_2009; Peeters_2002; Tsujii_2023; Westoby_2003; Westoby_2014]
  • leaf_dry_matter_content (numerical): 0.46 g/g (0.46-0.46 g/g) [sources: Duncan_1998]
  • leaf_type (categorical): broadleaf (1) [sources: Peeters_2002]
  • leaf_shape (categorical): linear (1); narrowly_elliptical (1); oblong (1); strap-shaped (2) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023]
  • leaf_base_shape (categorical): cuneate (1) [sources: NHNSW_2023]
  • leaf_margin (categorical): entire (1); toothed (1); toothed_serrate (1) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023]
  • leaf_margin_posture (categorical): flat (2); revolute (2) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023]
  • leaf_compoundness (categorical): simple (5) [sources: ABRS_1981; Edwards_2000; McGlone_2015; NHNSW_2023; Peeters_2002]
  • leaf_hairs_adult_leaves (categorical): glabrous (1) [sources: Jordan_2020]
  • leaf_phyllotaxis (categorical): alternate (2) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023]
  • leaf_arrangement (categorical): scattered (1) [sources: NHNSW_2023]
  • plant_photosynthetic_organ (categorical): leaf (2) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023]
life history
  • photosynthetic_pathway (categorical): c3 (3) [sources: Duncan_1998; Munroe_2019; White_2020]
  • plant_growth_form (categorical): shrub (13) [sources: ABRS_2022; Campbell_2006; Edwards_2000; Fonseca_2000; Hughes_1992; Leishman_1995; Leishman_2007; McGlone_2015; NHNSW_2022; NSWFRD_2014; Peeters_2002; Wenk_2022; White_2020]
  • life_history (categorical): perennial (4) [sources: ABRS_2022; Jordan_2020; NHNSW_2022; Wenk_2023]
  • woodiness_detailed (categorical): woody (3) [sources: ABRS_2022; NHNSW_2022; Wenk_2022]
  • stem_growth_habit (categorical): prostrate (1) [sources: NHNSW_2014_2]
  • leaf_phenology (categorical): evergreen (2) [sources: Edwards_2000; Peeters_2002]
  • nitrogen_fixing (categorical): non_nitrogen_fixer (2) [sources: Edwards_2000; White_2020]
  • root_structure (categorical): non_mycorrhizal (1) [sources: Schmidt_1993]
  • parasitic (categorical): not_parasitic (1) [sources: White_2020]
  • pollination_syndrome (categorical): insect (1); vertebrate (1) [sources: White_2020]
  • dispersal_syndrome (categorical): anemochory (3) [sources: Hughes_1992; Leishman_1995; White_2020]
  • dispersers (categorical): wind (3) [sources: Campbell_2006; Leishman_1995; White_2020]
  • flowering_time (categorical): nnnyyyynnnnn (1); nnnyyyyynnnn (2); nnyyyyyyynnn (1) [sources: Hughes_1992; NHNSW_2014_2; NSWFRD_2014; White_2020]
  • seedbank_location (categorical): canopy_seedbank (4) [sources: Campbell_2006; NSWFRD_2014; Yang_2023]
  • serotiny (categorical): not_serotinous (1); serotinous (3) [sources: Hughes_1992; Yang_2023]
  • seedbank_longevity_class (categorical): transient (1) [sources: White_2020]
  • seed_dormancy_class (categorical): non_dormant (2) [sources: Collette_2021; Ooi_2007]
  • vegetative_reproduction_ability (categorical): not_vegetative (1) [sources: White_2020]
  • storage_organ (categorical): lignotuber (2) [sources: NHNSW_2023; NSWFRD_2014]
  • bud_bank_location (categorical): basal_buds (1); basal_stem_buds (2) [sources: Campbell_2006; Clarke_2015; NSWFRD_2014]
nutrient and stable isotope
  • leaf_N_per_dry_mass (numerical): 9.03 mg/g (3.1-11.44 mg/g) [sources: Edwards_2000; Leishman_2007; Niinemets_2009; Peeters_2002; Tsujii_2023; Westoby_2014]
  • leaf_P_per_dry_mass (numerical): 0.35 mg/g (0.12-0.43 mg/g) [sources: Edwards_2000; Niinemets_2009; Tsujii_2023; Westoby_2014]
  • leaf_delta13C (numerical): -29.32 {delta}[ppth] (-30.06--28.49 {delta}[ppth]) [sources: Niinemets_2009; Westoby_2014]
physiology
seed morphology
  • seed_dry_mass (numerical): 15.05 mg (4.78-27.83 mg) [sources: ANBG_2019; Henery_2001; Kew_2019_1; Leishman_1993; Leishman_1995; Ooi_2007]
  • seed_length (numerical): 16 mm (12-20 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023]
  • seed_width (numerical): 4 mm (3-5 mm) [sources: ABRS_1981]
  • seed_shape (categorical): ovoid (1); winged (1) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023]
stem morphology
  • wood_density (numerical): 0.63 mg/mm3 (0.61-0.7 mg/mm3) [sources: Knox_2011; Lee_2019; Westoby_2014]
  • huber_value (numerical): 0 mm2{sapwood}/mm2{leaf} (0-0 mm2{sapwood}/mm2{leaf}) [sources: Westoby_2014]
whole plant morphology

Sources

dataset_idn_traitsn_recordsreference
Ooi_2007282M. K. J. Ooi, P. Myerscough, and T. Auld. “Unpublished data: Longterm seed mass field campaign, University of New South Wales”. 2007.
Niinemets_20092674Ü. Niinemets, I. J. Wright, and J. R. Evans. “Leaf mesophyll diffusion conductance in 35 Australian sclerophylls covering a broad range of foliage structural and physiological variation”. Journal of Experimental Botany 60 (2009), pp. 2433-2449. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erp045.
Westoby_20143541S. M. Gleason, D. W. Butler, K. Zieminska, P. Waryszak, and M. Westoby. “Stem xylem conductivity is key to plant water balance across Australian angiosperm species”. Functional Ecology 26 (2012), pp. 343-352. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.01962.x.
Edwards_20001636C. Edwards, J. Read, and G. D. Sanson. “Characterising sclerophylly: some mechanical properties of leaves from heath and forest”. Oecologia 123.2 (2000), pp. 158-167. doi: 10.1007/s004420051001.
Wright_20091335I. J. Wright. “Unpublished data: Leaf pigment and reflectance data for sclerophylls, Macquarie University”. 2009.
Leishman_2007727M. R. Leishman, T. Haslehurst, A. Ares, and Z. Baruch. “Leaf trait relationships of native and invasive plants: community- and global-scale comparisons”. New Phytologist 176.3 (2007), pp. 635-643. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02189.x.
ABRS_20231521Australian Biological Resources Study. Flora of Australia, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2023. url: http://www.ausflora.org.au.
NHNSW_20231721N. H. of New South Wales. The Plant Information Network System of The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Version 2.0.. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2023. url: https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
White_20201919M. White, S. Sinclair, and D. Frood. Victorian Vital Attributes Database. database. Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Victoria, 2020.
Duncan_19981414D. H. Duncan. “Unpublished data: Structural basis of variation in leaf mass per area in three plant clades, Macquarie University”. 1998.
Tsujii_20231313Y. Tsujii, B. J. Atwell, H. Lambers, and I. J. Wright. “Leaf phosphorus fractions vary with leaf economic traits among 35 Australian woody species”. New Phytologist 241.5 (2024), pp. 1985-1997. ISSN: 1469-8137. doi: 10.1111/nph.19513.
Jordan_20201212G. J. Jordan, R. J. Carpenter, B. R. Holland, N. J. Beeton, M. D. Woodhams, and T. J. Brodribb. “Links between environment and stomatal size through evolutionary time in Proteaceae”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287.1919 (2020), p. 20192876. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2876.
Peeters_20021212P. J. Peeters. “Correlations between leaf structural traits and the densities of herbivorous insect guilds”. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 77 (2002), pp. 43-65. doi: 10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00091.x.
Lee_2019511M. R. Lee, J. R. Powell, B. Oberle, W. K. Cornwell, M. Lyons, J. L. Rigg, and A. E. Zanne. “Good neighbors aplenty: fungal endophytes rarely exhibit competitive exclusion patterns across a span of woody habitats”. Ecology 100.9 (2019), p. e02790. doi: 10.1002/ecy.2790.
NSWFRD_201478B. Kenny, C. Orscheg, E. Tasker, M. A. Gill, and R. Bradstock. NSW Flora Fire Response Database, v2.1. database. NSW Department of Planning Industry and Environment, 2014.
Campbell_200666M. L. Campbell and P. J. Clarke. “Response of montane wet sclerophyll forest understorey species to fire- evidence from high and low intensity fires”. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 127 (2006), pp. 63-73. doi: unknown.
Knox_201166K. J. E. Knox and P. J. Clarke. “Fire severity and nutrient availability do not constrain resprouting in forest shrubs”. Plant Ecology 212 (2011), pp. 1967-1978. doi: 10.1007/s11258-011-9956-5.
Leishman_199566M. R. Leishman, M. Westoby, and E. Jurado. “Correlates of seed size variation: A comparison among five temperate floras”. Journal of Ecology 83 (1995), pp. 517-529. doi: 10.2307/2261604.
McGlone_201566M. S. McGlone, S. J. Richardson, G. J. Jordan, and G. L. Perry. “Is there a `suboptimal' woody species height? A response to Scheffer et al.”. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 30.1 (2015), pp. 4-5. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.09.007.
Fonseca_200055C. R. Fonseca, J. M. Overton, B. Collins, and M. Westoby. “Shifts in trait-combinations along rainfall and phosphorus gradients”. Journal of Ecology 88 (2000), pp. 964-977. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00506.x.
Hughes_199255L. Hughes and B. Rice. “Unpublished data: Traits data for 643 species, Macquarie University”. 1992.
Kew_2019_115Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. 2019. url: http://data.kew.org/sid/.
Kubiak_200935P. J. Kubiak. “Fire responses of bushland plants after the January 1994 wildfires in northern Sydney”. Cunninghamia 11.1 (2009), pp. 131-165.
Westoby_200355M. Westoby and I. J. Wright. “The leaf size - twig size spectrum and its relationship to other important spectra of variation among species”. Oecologia 135 (2003), pp. 621-628. doi: 10.1007/s00442-003-1231-6.
Wright_200055I. J. Wright, H. T. Clifford, R. Kidson, M. L. Reed, B. L. Rice, and M. Westoby. “A survey of seed and seedling characters in 1744 Australian dicotyledon species: Cross-species trait correlations and correlated trait-shifts within evolutionary lineages”. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 69 (2000), pp. 521-547. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01222.x.
Yang_202335S. Yang. “Unpublished data: Fire response traits scored from national and state floras and the taxonomic literature, University of New South Wales”. 2023.
Chen_201744Chen, S.-C., Cornwell, W., Z. H.-X., Moles, and A. T. “Plants show more flesh in the tropics: Variation in fruit type along latitudinal and climatic gradients.”. Ecography 40 (2017), pp. 531-538. doi: abs/10.1111/ecog.02010.
Sjostrom_200644A. Sjöström and C. L. Gross. “Life-history characters and phylogeny are correlated with extinction risk in the Australian angiosperms”. Journal of Biogeography 33.2 (2006), pp. 271-290. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01393.x.
ABRS_198123B. A. Barlow, H. T. Clifford, A. S. George, and A. K. A. McCusker. Flora of Australia. 1981. url: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/flora/main/.
ABRS_202233Australian Biological Resources Study. Flora of Australia, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2022. url: http://www.ausflora.org.au.
Henery_200133M. L. Henery and M. Westoby. “Seed mass and seed nutrient content as predictors of seed output variation between species”. Oikos 92 (2001), pp. 479-490. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.920309.x.
NHNSW_2014_233Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney. PLantNET: NSW flora online. 2014. url: http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
NHNSW_202233N. H. of New South Wales. The Plant Information Network System of The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Version 2.0.. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
Clarke_201522P. J. Clarke, M. J. Lawes, B. P. Murphy, J. Russell-Smith, C. E. Nano, R. Bradstock, N. J. Enright, J. B. Fontaine, C. R. Gosper, I. Radford, J. J. Midgley, and R. M. Gunton. “A synthesis of postfire recovery traits of woody plants in Australian ecosystems”. Science of The Total Environment 534 (2015), pp. 31-42. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.002.
Wenk_202222E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant growth forms dataset”. 2022.
ANBG_201911Australian National Botanic Gardens. The National Seed Bank. 2018. url: http://www.anbg.gov.au/gardens/living/seedbank/.
Bragg_200211J. G. Bragg and M. Westoby. “Leaf size and foraging for light in a sclerophyll woodland”. Functional Ecology 16 (2002), pp. 633-639. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2435.2002.00661.x.
Collette_202111J. C. Collette and M. K. J. Ooi. “Distribution of seed dormancy classes across a fire-prone continent: effects of rainfall seasonality and temperature”. Annals of Botany 127.5 (2021), pp. 613-620. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcaa203.
Leishman_199311M. Leishman. “Unpublished data: Seed mass data for Sydney species, Macquarie University”. 1990.
Munroe_201911S. E. M. Munroe, F. A. McInerney, J. Andrae, N. Welti, G. R. Guerin, E. Leitch, T. Hall, S. Szarvas, R. Atkins, S. Caddy-Retalic, and B. Sparrow. “The Photosynthetic Pathways of Plant Species Surveyed in Australia's National Terrestrial Monitoring Network”. Scientific Data 8 (2021), p. 97. doi: 10.1038/s41597-021-00877-z.
Schmidt_199311S. Schmidt. “Unpublished data: Compilation of mycorrhizal status data, University of Queensland”. 1993.
Wenk_202311E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant life history dataset, University of New South Wales, Sydney”. 2023.