AusTraits

Cardwellia sublimis

Explore the data for this taxon in the portal

Family Proteaceae

Taxonomy: Cardwellia sublimis F.Muell.

Synonyms: none listed in the APC 2026-07-30

Distribution (APC): Qld

Profiles: APC, Flora of Australia, ALA, iNaturalist, ATRP

Traits

Top source datasets: ABRS_1981 (1), ABRS_2022 (3), ABRS_2023 (22), Apgaua_2017 (12), Bloomfield_2018 (381), Buckton_2019 (100), Cheesman_2020 (12), Chen_2017 (4), Cooper_2013 (14), Falster_2005_1 (9), Gray_2019 (39), Gross_2005 (4), Grubb_1996 (3), Grubb_2008 (3), Ilic_2000 (2), Jordan_2015 (4), Jordan_2020 (16), Kanowski_2000 (262), Kew_2019_1 (2), Kew_2019_4 (1), Kooyman_2011 (13), Metcalfe_2009 (20), Moles_2011 (7), Rumman_2018 (4), Sams_2017 (6), Sjostrom_2006 (4), Tng_2013 (6), Togashi_2015 (1), Weerasinghe_2014 (83), Wells_2012 (128), Wenk_2022 (2), Wenk_2023 (1), Wright_2000 (3), Zanne_2009 (1), Zieminska_2015 (36), eFLOWER_Dun_2022 (26). See below for a full list of sources.
Summary: AusTraits contains 169 traits from 1,235 records in 36 datasets.

Traits by category (click to expand). For categorical traits, the values are listed. For numerical traits, the mean and range are shown.

fire response
flower morphology
  • flower_colour (categorical): white_cream (1); yellow_orange (1) [sources: eFLOWER_Dun_2022]
  • sex_type (categorical): hermaphrodite (2) [sources: Gross_2005; Sjostrom_2006]
fruit morphology
  • fruit_length (numerical): 105 mm (80-150 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023; Cooper_2013]
  • fruit_width (numerical): 55 mm (50-60 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023; Cooper_2013]
  • fruit_height (numerical): 55 mm (50-60 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023]
  • fruit_type (categorical): follicle (6) [sources: ABRS_2023; Chen_2017; Cooper_2013; Gross_2005; Sams_2017; Sjostrom_2006]
  • fruit_fleshiness (categorical): dry (7) [sources: Chen_2017; Cooper_2013; Gross_2005; Metcalfe_2009; Sams_2017; Sjostrom_2006; Wells_2012]
  • fruit_dehiscence (categorical): dehiscent (5); indehiscent (1) [sources: Chen_2017; Cooper_2013; Gross_2005; Sams_2017; Sjostrom_2006; Wells_2012]
leaf morphology
  • leaf_area (numerical): 6260.43 mm2 (1604.67-10710 mm2) [sources: Buckton_2019; Cheesman_2020; Falster_2005_1; Jordan_2020; Kanowski_2000; Metcalfe_2009; Moles_2011; Tng_2013; Wells_2012]
  • leaflet_area (numerical): 6697.09 mm2 (4974.93-9111 mm2) [sources: Wells_2012]
  • leaf_length (numerical): 223.33 mm (70-650 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023; Kooyman_2011]
  • leaf_width (numerical): 58.75 mm (40-85 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023; Kooyman_2011]
  • leaf_dry_mass (numerical): 420.14 mg (93.92-739.93 mg) [sources: Buckton_2019; Wells_2012]
  • petiole_length (numerical): 8.5 cm (6-11 cm) [sources: ABRS_2023]
  • leaf_mass_per_area (numerical): 123.89 g/m2 (56.94-167.22 g/m2) [sources: Bloomfield_2018; Buckton_2019; Cheesman_2020; Falster_2005_1; Gray_2019; Grubb_2008; Jordan_2020; Kanowski_2000; Moles_2011; Sams_2017; Tng_2013; Weerasinghe_2014; Wells_2012; Zieminska_2015]
  • leaf_dry_matter_content (numerical): 0.4 g/g (0.31-0.47 g/g) [sources: Bloomfield_2018; Buckton_2019; Moles_2011; Weerasinghe_2014; Wells_2012]
  • leaf_water_content_per_dry_mass (numerical): 2 g/g (2-2 g/g) [sources: Grubb_2008]
  • leaf_type (categorical): broadleaf (1) [sources: Rumman_2018]
  • leaf_lobation (categorical): unlobed (1) [sources: Kooyman_2011]
  • leaf_compoundness (categorical): compound (2) [sources: ABRS_2023; Kooyman_2011]
  • leaf_hairs_adult_leaves (categorical): glabrous (2) [sources: Jordan_2020; Moles_2011]
  • leaf_hairs_immature_leaves (categorical): glabrous (1) [sources: Moles_2011]
  • leaf_phyllotaxis (categorical): alternate (1) [sources: ABRS_2023]
  • leaf_stomatal_density_abaxial (numerical): 247.96 {count}/mm2 (247.96-247.96 {count}/mm2) [sources: Jordan_2020]
  • plant_photosynthetic_organ (categorical): leaf (1) [sources: ABRS_2023]
life history
  • photosynthetic_pathway (categorical): c3 (1) [sources: Metcalfe_2009]
  • plant_growth_form (categorical): tree (12) [sources: ABRS_2022; Apgaua_2017; Buckton_2019; Cheesman_2020; Cooper_2013; Grubb_1996; Kooyman_2011; Metcalfe_2009; Moles_2011; Rumman_2018; Wells_2012; Wenk_2022]
  • life_form (categorical): phanerophyte (1) [sources: Metcalfe_2009]
  • life_history (categorical): perennial (5) [sources: ABRS_2022; Jordan_2015; Jordan_2020; Metcalfe_2009; Wenk_2023]
  • woodiness_detailed (categorical): woody (2) [sources: ABRS_2022; Wenk_2022]
  • leaf_phenology (categorical): evergreen (2) [sources: ABRS_1981; Kooyman_2011]
  • nitrogen_fixing (categorical): non_nitrogen_fixer (1) [sources: Metcalfe_2009]
  • root_structure (categorical): proteoid_root (1) [sources: Metcalfe_2009]
  • pollination_syndrome (categorical): bee (2) [sources: Metcalfe_2009; Wells_2012]
  • dispersal_syndrome (categorical): anemochory (2) [sources: Grubb_1996; Metcalfe_2009]
  • dispersers (categorical): birds (1); mammals (1); wind (3) [sources: Cooper_2013; Metcalfe_2009; Sams_2017; Wells_2012]
  • flowering_time (categorical): nnnnnnnnnyyy (1) [sources: Cooper_2013]
  • seedbank_longevity_class (categorical): transient (1) [sources: Metcalfe_2009]
  • clonal_spread_mechanism (categorical): non_clonal (1) [sources: Metcalfe_2009]
nutrient and stable isotope
  • leaf_N_per_dry_mass (numerical): 15.49 mg/g (9.2-28.5 mg/g) [sources: Bloomfield_2018; Buckton_2019; Cheesman_2020; Falster_2005_1; Gray_2019; Grubb_2008; Kanowski_2000; Weerasinghe_2014]
  • leaf_P_per_dry_mass (numerical): 0.69 mg/g (0.38-1.78 mg/g) [sources: Bloomfield_2018; Gray_2019; Kanowski_2000; Weerasinghe_2014]
  • leaf_delta13C (numerical): -29.38 {delta}[ppth] (-30.72--27.35 {delta}[ppth]) [sources: Apgaua_2017; Buckton_2019; Cheesman_2020; Rumman_2018; Tng_2013]
physiology
seed morphology
  • seed_dry_mass (numerical): 588.64 mg (394.52-770 mg) [sources: Falster_2005_1; Grubb_1996; Kew_2019_1; Metcalfe_2009]
  • seed_length (numerical): 56.67 mm (40-70 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023; Cooper_2013; Kooyman_2011]
  • seed_width (numerical): 22.5 mm (15-30 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023; Kooyman_2011]
stem morphology
  • wood_density (numerical): 0.5 mg/mm3 (0.39-0.63 mg/mm3) [sources: Apgaua_2017; Buckton_2019; Falster_2005_1; Ilic_2000; Kooyman_2011; Metcalfe_2009; Tng_2013; Wells_2012; Zanne_2009; Zieminska_2015]
  • huber_value (numerical): 0 mm2{sapwood}/mm2{leaf} (0-0 mm2{sapwood}/mm2{leaf}) [sources: Falster_2005_1; Togashi_2015; Zieminska_2015]
  • stem_vessel_density (numerical): 34.59 {count}/mm2 (8.37-69.47 {count}/mm2) [sources: Apgaua_2017; Zieminska_2015]
  • stem_vessel_diameter (numerical): 89.41 um (44.98-130.14 um) [sources: Apgaua_2017; Zieminska_2015]
  • stem_vessel_lumen_fraction (numerical): 0.11 mm2/mm2 (0.1-0.13 mm2/mm2) [sources: Apgaua_2017; Zieminska_2015]
whole plant morphology

Sources

dataset_idn_traitsn_recordsreference
Bloomfield_201824381K. J. Bloomfield, L. A. Cernusak, D. Eamus, D. S. Ellsworth, I. C. Prentice, I. J. Wright, M. M. Boer, M. G. Bradford, P. Cale, J. Cleverly, J. J. G. Egerton, B. J. Evans, L. S. Hayes, M. F. Hutchinson, M. J. Liddell, C. Macfarlane, W. S. Meyer, S. M. Prober, H. F. Togashi, T. Wardlaw, L. Zhu, and O. K. Atkin. “A continental-scale assessment of variability in leaf traits: Within species, across sites and between seasons”. Functional Ecology 32.6 (2018), pp. 1492-1506. doi: 10.1111/1365-2435.13097.
Kanowski_200025262J. Kanowski. “Ecological determinants of the distribution and abundance of the folivorous marsupials endemic to the rainforests of the Atherton uplands, north Queensland.”. PhD. James Cook University, Townsville, 1999.
Wells_201225128J. A. Wells. “Phylogeny and inter-relations of ecological traits and seed dispersal in rainforest plants: Exploring aspects of functional diversity in primary and secondary rainforests in Australia's Wet Tropics.”. PhD. University of Queensland, 2012.
Buckton_201926100G. Buckton, A. W. Cheesman, N. C. Munksgaard, C. M. Wurster, M. J. Liddell, and L. A. Cernusak. “Functional traits of lianas in an Australian lowland rainforest align with post-disturbance rather than dry season advantage”. Austral Ecology 44.6 (2019), pp. 983-994. doi: 10.1111/aec.12764.
Weerasinghe_20141883L. K. Weerasinghe, D. Creek, K. Y. Crous, S. Xiang, M. J. Liddell, M. H. Turnbull, and O. K. Atkin. “Canopy position affects the relationships between leaf respiration and associated traits in a tropical rainforest in Far North Queensland”. Tree Physiology 34.6 (2014), pp. 564-584. doi: 10.1093/treephys/tpu016.
Gray_20191239E. F. Gray, I. J. Wright, D. S. Falster, A. S. D. Eller, C. E. R. Lehmann, M. G. Bradford, and L. A. Cernusak. “Leaf:wood allometry and functional traits together explain substantial growth rate variation in rainforest trees”. AoB PLANTS 11.3 (2019), pp. 1-11. doi: 10.1093/aobpla/plz024.
Zieminska_20151236K. Ziemińska, M. Westoby, and I. J. Wright. “Broad anatomical variation within a narrow wood density range - A study of twig wood across 69 Australian Angiosperms”. PLOS ONE 10.4 (2015), p. e0124892. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124892.
eFLOWER_Dun_20221926L. Dun and H. Sauquet. “Unpublished: Floral traits for GAP taxa, University of New South Wales, Australia”. 2022.
ABRS_20231322Australian Biological Resources Study. Flora of Australia, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2023. url: http://www.ausflora.org.au.
Metcalfe_20092020E. Laliberte, J. A. Wells, F. DeClerck, D. J. Metcalfe, C. P. Catterall, C. Queiroz, I. Aubin, S. P. Bonser, Y. Ding, J. M. Fraterrigo, S. McNamara, J. W. Morgan, D. S. Merlos, P. A. Vesk, and M. M. Mayfield. “Land-use intensification reduces functional redundancy and response diversity in plant communities”. Ecology Letters 13.1 (2010), pp. 76-86. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01403.x.
Jordan_20201616G. J. Jordan, R. J. Carpenter, B. R. Holland, N. J. Beeton, M. D. Woodhams, and T. J. Brodribb. “Links between environment and stomatal size through evolutionary time in Proteaceae”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287.1919 (2020), p. 20192876. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2876.
Cooper_20131114W. Cooper and W. T. Cooper. Australian rainforest fruits. CSIRO Publishing, 2013, p. 272.
Kooyman_20111013R. Kooyman, M. Rossetto, W. Cornwell, and M. Westoby. “Phylogenetic tests of community assembly across regional to continental scales in tropical and subtropical rain forests”. Global Ecology and Biogeography 20 (2011), pp. 707-716. doi: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00641.x.
Apgaua_20171112D. M. G. Apgaua, D. Y. P. Tng, L. A. Cernusak, A. W. Cheesman, R. M. Santos, W. J. Edwards, and S. G. W. Laurance. “Plant functional groups within a tropical forest exhibit different wood functional anatomy”. Functional Ecology 31.3 (2017), pp. 582-591. doi: 10.1111/1365-2435.12787.
Cheesman_20201212A. W. Cheesman, H. Duff, K. Hill, L. A. Cernusak, and F. A. McInerney. “Isotopic and morphologic proxies for reconstructing light environment and leaf function of fossil leaves: A modern calibration in the Daintree Rainforest, Australia”. American Journal of Botany 107 (2020), pp. 1165-1176. doi: 10.1002/ajb2.1523.
Falster_2005_179D. S. Falster and M. Westoby. “Alternative height strategies among 45 dicot rain forest species from tropical Queensland, Australia”. Journal of Ecology 93 (2005), pp. 521-535. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-0477.2005.00992.x.
Moles_201177A. T. Moles, I. R. Wallis, W. J. Foley, D. I. Warton, J. C. Stegen, A. J. Bisigato, L. Cella-Pizarro, C. J. Clark, P. S. Cohen, W. K. Cornwell, W. Edwards, R. Ejrnaes, T. Gonzales-Ojeda, B. J. Graae, G. Hay, F. C. Lumbwe, B. Magana-Rodriguez, B. D. Moore, P. L. Peri, J. R. Poulsen, R. Veldtman, H. von Zeipel, N. R. Andrew, S. L. Boulter, E. T. Borer, F. F. Campon, M. Coll, A. G. Farji-Brener, J. D. Gabriel, E. Jurado, L. A. Kyhn, B. Low, C. P. H. Mulder, K. Reardon-Smith, J. Rodriguez-Velazquez, E. W. Seabloom, P. A. Vesk, A. van Cauter, M. S. Waldram, Z. Zheng, P. G. Blendinger, B. J. Enquist, J. M. Facelli, T. Knight, J. D. Majer, M. Martinez-Ramos, P. McQuillan, and L. D. Prior. “Putting plant resistance traits on the map: A test of the idea that plants are better defended at lower latitudes”. New Phytologist 191.3 (2011), pp. 777-788. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03732.x.
Sams_201766M. A. Sams, H. R. Lai, S. P. Bonser, P. A. Vesk, R. M. Kooyman, D. J. Metcalfe, J. W. Morgan, and M. M. Mayfield. “Landscape context explains changes in the functional diversity of regenerating forests better than climate or species richness”. Global Ecology and Biogeography 26.10 (2017), pp. 1165-1176. doi: 10.1111/geb.12627.
Tng_201366D. Y. P. Tng, G. J. Jordan, and D. M. J. S. Bowman. “Plant traits demonstrate that temperate and tropical giant Eucalypt forests are ecologically convergent with rainforest not savanna”. PLoS ONE 8 (2013), p. e84378. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084378.
Chen_201744Chen, S.-C., Cornwell, W., Z. H.-X., Moles, and A. T. “Plants show more flesh in the tropics: Variation in fruit type along latitudinal and climatic gradients.”. Ecography 40 (2017), pp. 531-538. doi: abs/10.1111/ecog.02010.
Gross_200544C. L. Gross. “A comparison of the sexual systems in the trees from the Australian tropics with other tropical biomes-more monoecy but why?”. American Journal of Botany 92.6 (2005), pp. 907-919. doi: 10.3732/ajb.92.6.907.
Jordan_201544G. J. Jordan, R. J. Carpenter, A. Koutoulis, A. Price, and T. J. Brodribb. “Environmental adaptation in stomatal size independent of the effects of genome size”. New Phytologist 205.2 (2015), pp. 608-617. doi: 10.1111/nph.13076.
Rumman_201844R. Rumman, O. K. Atkin, K. J. Bloomfield, and D. Eamus. “Variation in bulk-leaf 13C discrimination, leaf traits and wateruse efficiency-trait relationships along a continental-scale climate gradient in Australia”. Global Change Biology 24 (2018), pp. 1186-1200. doi: 10.1111/gcb.13911.
Sjostrom_200644A. Sjöström and C. L. Gross. “Life-history characters and phylogeny are correlated with extinction risk in the Australian angiosperms”. Journal of Biogeography 33.2 (2006), pp. 271-290. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01393.x.
ABRS_202233Australian Biological Resources Study. Flora of Australia, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2022. url: http://www.ausflora.org.au.
Grubb_199633P. J. Grubb and D. J. Metcalfe. “Adaptation and inertia in the Australian tropical lowland rain-forest flora: Contradictory trends in intergeneric and intrageneric comparisons of seed size in relation to light demand”. Functional Ecology 10 (1996), pp. 512-520. doi: 10.2307/2389944.
Grubb_200833P. J. Grubb, R. V. Jackson, I. M. Barberis, J. N. Bee, D. A. Coomes, N. J. Dominy, M. A. S. D. L. Fuente, P. W. Lucas, D. J. Metcalfe, J. Svenning, I. M. Turner, and O. Vargas. “Monocot leaves are eaten less than dicot leaves in tropical lowland rain forests: Correlations with toughness and leaf presentation”. Annals of Botany 101 (2008), pp. 1379-1389. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcn047.
Wright_200033I. J. Wright, H. T. Clifford, R. Kidson, M. L. Reed, B. L. Rice, and M. Westoby. “A survey of seed and seedling characters in 1744 Australian dicotyledon species: Cross-species trait correlations and correlated trait-shifts within evolutionary lineages”. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 69 (2000), pp. 521-547. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01222.x.
Ilic_200012J. Ilic, D. Boland, M. McDonald, D. G, and P. Blakemore. Woody density phase 1 - State of knowledge. National Carbon Accounting System. Technical Report 18. Tech. rep. Australian Greenhouse Office, Canberra, Australia, 2000.
Kew_2019_112Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. 2019. url: http://data.kew.org/sid/.
Wenk_202222E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant growth forms dataset”. 2022.
ABRS_198111B. A. Barlow, H. T. Clifford, A. S. George, and A. K. A. McCusker. Flora of Australia. 1981. url: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/flora/main/.
Kew_2019_411Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Oil content data from Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. 2019. url: http://data.kew.org/sid/.
Togashi_201511H. F. Togashi, I. C. Prentice, B. J. Evans, D. I. Forrester, P. Drake, P. Feikema, K. Brooksbank, D. Eamus, and D. Taylor. “Morphological and moisture availability controls of the leaf area-to-sapwood area ratio: analysis of measurements on Australian trees”. Ecology and Evolution 5.6 (2015), pp. 1263-1270. doi: 10.1002/ece3.1344.
Wenk_202311E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant life history dataset, University of New South Wales, Sydney”. 2023.
Zanne_200911A. E. Zanne, G. Lopez-Gonzalez, D. A. Coomes, J. Ilic, S. Jansen, S. L. Lewis, R. B. Miller, N. G. Swenson, M. C. Wiemann, and J. Chave. “Data from: Towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum”. Dryad Digital Repository (2009). doi: 10.5061/dryad.234.