AusTraits

Eucalyptus socialis

Explore the data for this taxon in the portal

Family Myrtaceae

Taxonomy: Eucalyptus socialis F.Muell. ex Miq.

Synonyms: none listed in the APC 2026-07-30

Distribution (APC): WA, NT, SA, Qld, NSW, Vic

Profiles: APC, Flora of Australia, ALA, iNaturalist, NSW Flora, NT eFlora, SA eFlora, Vic Flora, Florabase, ATRP

Traits

Top source datasets: ABRS_2022 (3), ABRS_2023 (17), ANBG_2019 (1), Blackman_2023 (4), Bloomfield_2018 (200), Cheal_2017 (8), Clarke_2015 (3), Draper_2023 (3), Duncan_1998 (13), Fonseca_2000 (13), Grootemaat_2015 (225), Grootemaat_2017_2 (26), Hughes_2005 (5), Jurado_1991 (6), Jurado_1992 (3), Kew_2019_1 (5), Kew_2019_5 (1), McGlone_2015 (6), Moles_2011 (7), Morgan_2021 (9), Munroe_2019 (1), NHNSW_2014_2 (4), NHNSW_2022 (3), NHNSW_2023 (16), NSWFRD_2014 (8), NTH_2022 (3), NTH_2023 (3), Onoda_2010 (35), Pfautsch_2016 (28), Pickup_2005 (5), RBGV_2022 (3), RBGV_2023 (15), Roderick_1999 (17), Rumman_2018 (4), SAH_2022 (3), SAH_2023 (23), Schulze_2006 (3), Schulze_2006_2 (19), Sjostrom_2006 (4), Staples_2019 (5), Stephens_2024 (16), Sweedman_2006 (2), WAH_2022_2 (3), WAH_2023_2 (1), Wenk_2022 (2), Wenk_2023 (1), Westoby_2003 (4), Westoby_2014 (26), White_2020 (20), Wright_2000 (4), Wright_2001 (2), Wright_2002 (69), Zanne_2007 (18). See below for a full list of sources.
Summary: AusTraits contains 161 traits from 928 records in 53 datasets.

Traits by category (click to expand). For categorical traits, the values are listed. For numerical traits, the mean and range are shown.

fire response
flower morphology
  • flower_colour (categorical): white_cream (2) [sources: NHNSW_2014_2; Stephens_2024]
  • sex_type (categorical): hermaphrodite (1) [sources: Sjostrom_2006]
fruit morphology
  • fruit_length (numerical): 7.8 mm (4-12 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023; Stephens_2024]
  • fruit_width (numerical): 8.9 mm (4-18 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023; Stephens_2024]
  • fruit_height (numerical): 10.33 mm (5-18 mm) [sources: NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • fruit_type (categorical): capsule (6); caryopsis (1) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; NTH_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023; Sjostrom_2006; Wright_2000]
  • fruit_fleshiness (categorical): dry (2) [sources: Sjostrom_2006; Wright_2000]
  • fruit_dehiscence (categorical): dehiscent (7) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; NTH_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023; Sjostrom_2006; Wright_2000]
  • fruit_colour (categorical): grey (1) [sources: SAH_2023]
leaf morphology
  • leaf_area (numerical): 914.27 mm2 (577.8-2261 mm2) [sources: Duncan_1998; Fonseca_2000; Grootemaat_2015; Jurado_1991; Moles_2011; Morgan_2021; Pickup_2005; Roderick_1999; Schulze_2006_2; Westoby_2003; Westoby_2014; Wright_2002]
  • leaf_length (numerical): 85.77 mm (50-140 mm) [sources: Grootemaat_2015; McGlone_2015; ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023; Stephens_2024]
  • leaf_width (numerical): 16.5 mm (10-30 mm) [sources: Fonseca_2000; Grootemaat_2015; McGlone_2015; ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023; Stephens_2024]
  • leaf_dry_mass (numerical): 294.13 mg (161-790 mg) [sources: Duncan_1998; Fonseca_2000; Grootemaat_2015; Morgan_2021; Roderick_1999; Schulze_2006_2]
  • petiole_length (numerical): 1.5 cm (1-2 cm) [sources: ABRS_2023; SAH_2023]
  • leaf_mass_per_area (numerical): 321.18 g/m2 (274.67-414.63 g/m2) [sources: Bloomfield_2018; Duncan_1998; Fonseca_2000; Grootemaat_2015; Moles_2011; Morgan_2021; Pickup_2005; Roderick_1999; Schulze_2006; Schulze_2006_2; Westoby_2003; Westoby_2014; Wright_2002; Zanne_2007]
  • leaf_area_ratio (numerical): 2.16 mm2/mg (2.16-2.16 mm2/mg) [sources: Pickup_2005]
  • leaf_dry_matter_content (numerical): 0.57 g/g (0.47-0.64 g/g) [sources: Bloomfield_2018; Duncan_1998; Moles_2011]
  • leaf_water_content_per_dry_mass (numerical): 0.74 g/g (0.74-0.74 g/g) [sources: Grootemaat_2015]
  • leaf_type (categorical): broadleaf (1) [sources: Rumman_2018]
  • leaf_shape (categorical): lanceolate (3); narrowly_lanceolate (1); narrowly_ovate (2) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • leaf_margin (categorical): entire (2) [sources: NHNSW_2014_2; SAH_2023]
  • leaf_compoundness (categorical): simple (5) [sources: ABRS_2023; McGlone_2015; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • leaf_hairs_adult_leaves (categorical): glabrous (1) [sources: Moles_2011]
  • leaf_hairs_immature_leaves (categorical): glabrous (1) [sources: Moles_2011]
  • leaf_phyllotaxis (categorical): alternate (4) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2014_2; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • plant_photosynthetic_organ (categorical): leaf (5) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; NTH_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
life history
  • photosynthetic_pathway (categorical): c3 (3) [sources: Duncan_1998; Munroe_2019; White_2020]
  • plant_growth_form (categorical): mallee (7); tree (11) [sources: ABRS_2022; Fonseca_2000; Jurado_1991; McGlone_2015; Moles_2011; NHNSW_2022; NSWFRD_2014; NTH_2022; RBGV_2022; Rumman_2018; SAH_2022; WAH_2022_2; Wenk_2022; White_2020]
  • life_history (categorical): perennial (8) [sources: ABRS_2022; Cheal_2017; NHNSW_2022; NTH_2022; RBGV_2022; SAH_2022; WAH_2022_2; Wenk_2023]
  • woodiness_detailed (categorical): woody (7) [sources: ABRS_2022; NHNSW_2022; NTH_2022; RBGV_2022; SAH_2022; WAH_2022_2; Wenk_2022]
  • leaf_phenology (categorical): evergreen (1) [sources: NHNSW_2014_2]
  • nitrogen_fixing (categorical): non_nitrogen_fixer (1) [sources: White_2020]
  • parasitic (categorical): not_parasitic (1) [sources: White_2020]
  • pollination_syndrome (categorical): bird (1); insect (2); mammal (1) [sources: Draper_2023; White_2020]
  • dispersal_syndrome (categorical): barochory (4) [sources: Draper_2023; Jurado_1991; Kew_2019_5; White_2020]
  • dispersers (categorical): passive (1) [sources: Draper_2023]
  • flowering_time (categorical): ynnnnnnnnnyy (1); yynyyyyyyyyy (1) [sources: Stephens_2024; White_2020]
  • seedbank_location (categorical): canopy_seedbank (1) [sources: NSWFRD_2014]
  • seedbank_longevity_class (categorical): long_persistent (1); transient (1) [sources: Cheal_2017; White_2020]
  • vegetative_reproduction_ability (categorical): not_vegetative (1) [sources: White_2020]
  • storage_organ (categorical): lignotuber (1) [sources: NSWFRD_2014]
  • bud_bank_location (categorical): basal_stem_buds (2) [sources: Clarke_2015; NSWFRD_2014]
nutrient and stable isotope
  • leaf_N_per_dry_mass (numerical): 11 mg/g (8.51-12.7 mg/g) [sources: Bloomfield_2018; Grootemaat_2017_2; Roderick_1999; Schulze_2006; Schulze_2006_2; Westoby_2014; Wright_2002]
  • leaf_P_per_dry_mass (numerical): 0.49 mg/g (0.22-0.61 mg/g) [sources: Bloomfield_2018; Grootemaat_2017_2; Westoby_2014; Wright_2002]
  • leaf_delta13C (numerical): -27.14 {delta}[ppth] (-28.32--25.9 {delta}[ppth]) [sources: Rumman_2018; Schulze_2006; Schulze_2006_2; Westoby_2014; Wright_2002]
physiology
seed morphology
  • seed_dry_mass (numerical): 42.36 mg (0.45-833.3 mg) [sources: ANBG_2019; Jurado_1991; Kew_2019_1; Wright_2001]
  • seed_shape (categorical): ellipsoid (1); ellipsoid_flattened (1) [sources: RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
stem morphology
  • wood_density (numerical): 0.76 mg/mm3 (0.61-0.86 mg/mm3) [sources: Hughes_2005; Onoda_2010; Pfautsch_2016; Pickup_2005; Staples_2019; Westoby_2014; Zanne_2007]
  • huber_value (numerical): 0 mm2{sapwood}/mm2{leaf} (0-0 mm2{sapwood}/mm2{leaf}) [sources: Pickup_2005; Westoby_2014; Zanne_2007]
  • stem_vessel_density (numerical): 101.36 {count}/mm2 (20.09-179 {count}/mm2) [sources: Hughes_2005; Pfautsch_2016]
  • stem_vessel_diameter (numerical): 45.3 um (21-75.76 um) [sources: Hughes_2005; Pfautsch_2016]
  • stem_vessel_lumen_fraction (numerical): 0.09 mm2/mm2 (0.07-0.11 mm2/mm2) [sources: Hughes_2005; Pfautsch_2016]
whole plant morphology

Sources

dataset_idn_traitsn_recordsreference
Grootemaat_201517225S. Grootemaat, I. J. Wright, P. M. Bodegom, J. H. C. Cornelissen, and W. K. Cornwell. “Burn or rot: leaf traits explain why flammability and decomposability are decoupled across species”. Functional Ecology 29.11 (2015), pp. 1486-1497. doi: 10.1111/1365-2435.12449.
Bloomfield_201824200K. J. Bloomfield, L. A. Cernusak, D. Eamus, D. S. Ellsworth, I. C. Prentice, I. J. Wright, M. M. Boer, M. G. Bradford, P. Cale, J. Cleverly, J. J. G. Egerton, B. J. Evans, L. S. Hayes, M. F. Hutchinson, M. J. Liddell, C. Macfarlane, W. S. Meyer, S. M. Prober, H. F. Togashi, T. Wardlaw, L. Zhu, and O. K. Atkin. “A continental-scale assessment of variability in leaf traits: Within species, across sites and between seasons”. Functional Ecology 32.6 (2018), pp. 1492-1506. doi: 10.1111/1365-2435.13097.
Wright_20023469I. J. Wright and M. Westoby. “Leaves at low versus high rainfall: Coordination of structure, lifespan and physiology”. New Phytologist 155 (2002), pp. 403-416. doi: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00479.x.
Onoda_2010735Y. Onoda, A. E. Richards, and M. Westoby. “The relationship between stem biomechanics and wood density is modified by rainfall in 32 Australian woody plant species”. New Phytologist 185.2 (2009), pp. 493-501. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03088.x.
Pfautsch_2016628S. Pfautsch. “Vessel diameter and related hydraulic traits of 31 Eucalyptus species arrayed along a gradient of water availability”. Ecology 97.6 (2016), pp. 1626-1626. doi: 10.1890/16-0147.1.
Grootemaat_2017_2726S. Grootemaat, I. J. Wright, P. M. van Bodegom, and J. H. C. Cornelissen. “Scaling up flammability from individual leaves to fuel beds”. Oikos 126.10 (2017), pp. 1428-1438. doi: 10.1111/oik.03886.
Westoby_20142426S. M. Gleason, D. W. Butler, K. Zieminska, P. Waryszak, and M. Westoby. “Stem xylem conductivity is key to plant water balance across Australian angiosperm species”. Functional Ecology 26 (2012), pp. 343-352. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.01962.x.
SAH_20231723S. H. of South Australia. eFlora of SA, Electronic Flora of South Australia. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/.
White_20202020M. White, S. Sinclair, and D. Frood. Victorian Vital Attributes Database. database. Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Victoria, 2020.
Schulze_2006_2719E. Schulze, N. C. Turner, D. Nicolle, and J. Schumacher. “Leaf and wood carbon isotope ratios, specific leaf areas and woodgrowth of Eucalyptus species across a rainfall gradient in Australia”. Tree Physiology 26.4 (2006), pp. 479-492. doi: 10.1093/treephys/26.4.479.
Zanne_2007618A. Zanne. “Unpublished data: Hydraulic traits for NSW plant species from four field sites, Macquarie University”. 2007.
ABRS_20231217Australian Biological Resources Study. Flora of Australia, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2023. url: http://www.ausflora.org.au.
Roderick_1999617M. L. Roderick, S. L. Berry, and I. R. Noble. “The relationship between leaf composition and morphology at elevated CO2 concentrations”. New Phytologist 143.1 (1999), pp. 63-72. doi: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00438.x.
NHNSW_20231116N. H. of New South Wales. The Plant Information Network System of The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Version 2.0.. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2023. url: https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
Stephens_2024916R. E. Stephens, H. Sauquet, B. Laugier, C. Gosper, and R. V. Gallagher. “Eucalypt flower size and colour shaped more by pollination than abiotic environment”. in review (2024).
RBGV_20231315VicFlora. Flora of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2023. url: https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/.
Duncan_19981313D. H. Duncan. “Unpublished data: Structural basis of variation in leaf mass per area in three plant clades, Macquarie University”. 1998.
Fonseca_2000513C. R. Fonseca, J. M. Overton, B. Collins, and M. Westoby. “Shifts in trait-combinations along rainfall and phosphorus gradients”. Journal of Ecology 88 (2000), pp. 964-977. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00506.x.
Morgan_202139R. Morgan, I. Martín-Forés, E. Leitch, and G. Guerin. Assessment of protocols and variance for specific leaf area (SLA) in 10 Eucalyptus species to inform functional trait sampling strategies for TERN Ausplots. 2021. doi: 10.25909/14197298.
Cheal_201788D. Cheal. Growth stages and tolerable fire intervals for Victoria's native vegetation data sets. Fire and adaptive management, report no. 84. Victorian Government Department of Sustainability and Environment Melbourne, 2010.
NSWFRD_201488B. Kenny, C. Orscheg, E. Tasker, M. A. Gill, and R. Bradstock. NSW Flora Fire Response Database, v2.1. database. NSW Department of Planning Industry and Environment, 2014.
Moles_201177A. T. Moles, I. R. Wallis, W. J. Foley, D. I. Warton, J. C. Stegen, A. J. Bisigato, L. Cella-Pizarro, C. J. Clark, P. S. Cohen, W. K. Cornwell, W. Edwards, R. Ejrnaes, T. Gonzales-Ojeda, B. J. Graae, G. Hay, F. C. Lumbwe, B. Magana-Rodriguez, B. D. Moore, P. L. Peri, J. R. Poulsen, R. Veldtman, H. von Zeipel, N. R. Andrew, S. L. Boulter, E. T. Borer, F. F. Campon, M. Coll, A. G. Farji-Brener, J. D. Gabriel, E. Jurado, L. A. Kyhn, B. Low, C. P. H. Mulder, K. Reardon-Smith, J. Rodriguez-Velazquez, E. W. Seabloom, P. A. Vesk, A. van Cauter, M. S. Waldram, Z. Zheng, P. G. Blendinger, B. J. Enquist, J. M. Facelli, T. Knight, J. D. Majer, M. Martinez-Ramos, P. McQuillan, and L. D. Prior. “Putting plant resistance traits on the map: A test of the idea that plants are better defended at lower latitudes”. New Phytologist 191.3 (2011), pp. 777-788. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03732.x.
Jurado_199166E. Jurado. “Diaspore weight, dispersal, growth form and perenniality of central Australian plants”. Journal of Ecology 79 (1991), pp. 811-828.
McGlone_201566M. S. McGlone, S. J. Richardson, G. J. Jordan, and G. L. Perry. “Is there a `suboptimal' woody species height? A response to Scheffer et al.”. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 30.1 (2015), pp. 4-5. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.09.007.
Hughes_200555K. Hughes. “Unpublished data: Wood and stem density data for Australian plant species, Macquarie University”. 2005.
Kew_2019_115Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. 2019. url: http://data.kew.org/sid/.
Pickup_200555M. Pickup, M. Westoby, and A. Basden. “Dry mass costs of deploying leaf area in relation to leaf size”. Functional Ecology 19.1 (2005), pp. 88-97. doi: 10.1111/j.0269-8463.2005.00927.x.
Staples_201915T. Staples, J. M. Dwyer, J. R. England, and M. M. Mayfield. “Productivity does not correlate with species and functional diversity in Australian reforestation plantings across a wide climate gradient”. Global Ecology and Biogeography 28.10 (2019), pp. 1417-1429. doi: 10.1111/geb.12962.
Blackman_202344C. J. Blackman, B. Halliwell, G. E. Hartill, and T. J. Brodribb. “Petiole XLA (xylem to leaf area ratio) integrates hydraulic safety and efficiency across a diverse group of eucalypt leaves”. Plant, Cell & Environment 47.1 (2023), pp. 49-58. ISSN: 1365-3040. doi: 10.1111/pce.14713.
NHNSW_2014_244Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney. PLantNET: NSW flora online. 2014. url: http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
Rumman_201844R. Rumman, O. K. Atkin, K. J. Bloomfield, and D. Eamus. “Variation in bulk-leaf 13C discrimination, leaf traits and wateruse efficiency-trait relationships along a continental-scale climate gradient in Australia”. Global Change Biology 24 (2018), pp. 1186-1200. doi: 10.1111/gcb.13911.
Sjostrom_200644A. Sjöström and C. L. Gross. “Life-history characters and phylogeny are correlated with extinction risk in the Australian angiosperms”. Journal of Biogeography 33.2 (2006), pp. 271-290. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01393.x.
Westoby_200344M. Westoby and I. J. Wright. “The leaf size - twig size spectrum and its relationship to other important spectra of variation among species”. Oecologia 135 (2003), pp. 621-628. doi: 10.1007/s00442-003-1231-6.
Wright_200044I. J. Wright, H. T. Clifford, R. Kidson, M. L. Reed, B. L. Rice, and M. Westoby. “A survey of seed and seedling characters in 1744 Australian dicotyledon species: Cross-species trait correlations and correlated trait-shifts within evolutionary lineages”. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 69 (2000), pp. 521-547. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01222.x.
ABRS_202233Australian Biological Resources Study. Flora of Australia, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2022. url: http://www.ausflora.org.au.
Clarke_201533P. J. Clarke, M. J. Lawes, B. P. Murphy, J. Russell-Smith, C. E. Nano, R. Bradstock, N. J. Enright, J. B. Fontaine, C. R. Gosper, I. Radford, J. J. Midgley, and R. M. Gunton. “A synthesis of postfire recovery traits of woody plants in Australian ecosystems”. Science of The Total Environment 534 (2015), pp. 31-42. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.002.
Draper_202333J. T. Draper, S. Delean, J. G. Conran, P. Weinstein, and B. S. Simpson. “Life-history characteristics and climate correlates of dioecious plant species in central southern Australia”. Australian Journal of Botany unknown.unknown (2023), p. unknown. doi: 10.1071/BT22110.
Jurado_199213E. Jurado and M. Westoby. “Germination biology of selected central Australian plants”. Austral Ecology 17.3 (1992), pp. 341-348. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.1992.tb00816.x.
NHNSW_202233N. H. of New South Wales. The Plant Information Network System of The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Version 2.0.. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
NTH_202233D. of Land Resource Management and N. T. of Australia. Northern Territory Flora Online. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: http://eflora.nt.gov.au/.
NTH_202333D. of Land Resource Management and N. T. of Australia. Northern Territory Flora Online. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: http://eflora.nt.gov.au/.
RBGV_202233VicFlora. Flora of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/.
SAH_202233S. H. of South Australia. eFlora of SA, Electronic Flora of South Australia. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/.
Schulze_200633E. Schulze, N. C. Turner, D. Nicolle, and J. Schumacher. “Species differences in carbon isotope ratios, specific leaf area and nitrogen concentrations in leaves of Eucalyptus growing in a common garden compared with along an aridity gradient”. Physiologia Plantarum 127.3 (2006), pp. 434-444. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00682.x.
WAH_2022_233Western Australian Herbarium. Florabase—the Western Australian Flora.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2022. url: https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/.
Sweedman_200622L. Sweedman and D. Merritt. Australian Seeds: A Guide to Their Collection, Identification, and Biology. CSIRO Publishing, 2006. ISBN: 9780643094079.
Wenk_202222E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant growth forms dataset”. 2022.
Wright_200122I. J. Wright. “Unpublished data: Seed mass reserve data for various species in NSW, Macquarie University”. 2001.
ANBG_201911Australian National Botanic Gardens. The National Seed Bank. 2018. url: http://www.anbg.gov.au/gardens/living/seedbank/.
Kew_2019_511Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Seed dispersal data from the Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. 2019. url: http://data.kew.org/sid/.
Munroe_201911S. E. M. Munroe, F. A. McInerney, J. Andrae, N. Welti, G. R. Guerin, E. Leitch, T. Hall, S. Szarvas, R. Atkins, S. Caddy-Retalic, and B. Sparrow. “The Photosynthetic Pathways of Plant Species Surveyed in Australia's National Terrestrial Monitoring Network”. Scientific Data 8 (2021), p. 97. doi: 10.1038/s41597-021-00877-z.
WAH_2023_211Western Australian Herbarium. Florabase—the Western Australian Flora.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2023. url: https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/.
Wenk_202311E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant life history dataset, University of New South Wales, Sydney”. 2023.