AusTraits

Hakea trifurcata

Explore the data for this taxon in the portal

Family Proteaceae

Taxonomy: Hakea trifurcata (Sm.) R.Br.

Synonyms: 7 (APC 2026-07-30)
  • Conchium trifurcatum Sm. (nomenclatural synonym)
  • Hakea boucheana Kunth (taxonomic synonym)
  • Hakea mixta Lindl. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Hakea tricruris Lindl. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Hakea trifurcata (Sm.) R.Br. var. trifurcata (nomenclatural synonym)
  • Hakea trifurcata var. eriantha Meisn. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Hakea trifurcata var. sericantha Meisn. (taxonomic synonym)

Distribution (APC): WA

Profiles: APC, Flora of Australia, ALA, iNaturalist, Florabase, ATRP

Traits

Top source datasets: ABRS_1981 (3), ABRS_2022 (4), ABRS_2023 (20), ANBG_2019 (5), Barrett_2009 (44), Burrows_2008_2 (5), Burrows_2020 (5), Chen_2017 (5), Clarke_2015 (3), Collette_2021 (1), Enright_2014 (17), Gosper_2012 (6), Groom_1997 (9), Groom_2010 (4), Hanley_2001 (5), Hanley_2002 (7), Jordan_2020 (3), Kew_2019_1 (2), Lamont_2002 (20), Munroe_2019 (1), Pate_1990 (5), Pekin_2011 (5), Sjostrom_2006 (4), Standish_2019 (6), Staples_2019 (5), Sweedman_2006 (4), Tsakalos_2020 (17), Tsakalos_2022 (2), WAH_1998 (1), WAH_2022_2 (4), WAH_2023_2 (2), Wenk_2022 (2), Wenk_2023 (1), Wheeler_2002 (10). See below for a full list of sources.
Summary: AusTraits contains 68 traits from 237 records in 34 datasets.

Traits by category (click to expand). For categorical traits, the values are listed. For numerical traits, the mean and range are shown.

fire response
  • resprouting_capacity (categorical): fire_killed (23); resprouts (1) [sources: Barrett_2009; Burrows_2008_2; Burrows_2020; Clarke_2015; Enright_2014; Gosper_2012; Groom_1997; Groom_2010; Pate_1990; Pekin_2011; Standish_2019]
  • post_fire_recruitment (categorical): post_fire_recruitment (17) [sources: Barrett_2009; Clarke_2015; Enright_2014; Pate_1990]
  • fire_time_from_fire_to_flowering (numerical): 48 mo (48-48 mo) [sources: Burrows_2020]
flower morphology
  • sex_type (categorical): hermaphrodite (1) [sources: Sjostrom_2006]
fruit morphology
  • fruit_dry_mass (numerical): 128.6 mg (128.6-128.6 mg) [sources: Groom_1997]
  • fruit_length (numerical): 21 mm (15-23 mm) [sources: Groom_1997; ABRS_2023]
  • fruit_width (numerical): 5.95 mm (5-8 mm) [sources: Groom_1997; ABRS_2023]
  • fruit_type (categorical): follicle (2) [sources: Chen_2017; Sjostrom_2006]
  • fruit_fleshiness (categorical): dry (3) [sources: Chen_2017; Sjostrom_2006; Tsakalos_2020]
  • fruit_dehiscence (categorical): dehiscent (2) [sources: Chen_2017; Sjostrom_2006]
leaf morphology
  • leaf_area (numerical): 165.13 mm2 (54.1-388.1 mm2) [sources: Lamont_2002]
  • leaf_length (numerical): 42 mm (20-75 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023; Wheeler_2002]
  • leaf_width (numerical): 9.18 mm (0.8-19 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023; Wheeler_2002]
  • leaf_mass_per_area (numerical): 284.43 g/m2 (105.26-505.05 g/m2) [sources: Hanley_2001; Hanley_2002; Lamont_2002]
  • leaf_type (categorical): broadleaf (1); needle (2) [sources: Hanley_2002; Lamont_2002]
  • leaf_shape (categorical): elliptical (2); obovate (1); obtriangular (1); terete (1) [sources: ABRS_2023; Wheeler_2002]
  • leaf_margin (categorical): entire (2) [sources: ABRS_2023; Tsakalos_2020]
  • leaf_lobation (categorical): unlobed (1) [sources: Wheeler_2002]
  • leaf_compoundness (categorical): compound (2); simple (3) [sources: ABRS_2023; Tsakalos_2020; Wheeler_2002]
  • leaf_lamina_posture (categorical): flat (1) [sources: Tsakalos_2020]
  • leaf_glaucousness (categorical): not_glaucous (2) [sources: Tsakalos_2020]
  • leaf_hairs_adult_leaves (categorical): glabrous (1) [sources: Tsakalos_2020]
  • plant_photosynthetic_organ (categorical): leaf (2) [sources: ABRS_2023; Tsakalos_2020]
life history
  • photosynthetic_pathway (categorical): c3 (2) [sources: Munroe_2019; Tsakalos_2020]
  • plant_growth_form (categorical): shrub (12); tree (1) [sources: ABRS_2022; Barrett_2009; Gosper_2012; Standish_2019; WAH_2022_2; Wenk_2022; Wheeler_2002]
  • life_history (categorical): perennial (10) [sources: ABRS_2022; Burrows_2008_2; Burrows_2020; Jordan_2020; Pekin_2011; Standish_2019; Tsakalos_2020; WAH_2022_2; Wenk_2023; Wheeler_2002]
  • woodiness_detailed (categorical): woody (4) [sources: ABRS_2022; Tsakalos_2020; WAH_2022_2; Wenk_2022]
  • stem_growth_habit (categorical): dense (1); erect (1); open (2) [sources: ABRS_2022; Tsakalos_2020; WAH_2022_2]
  • leaf_phenology (categorical): evergreen (1) [sources: ABRS_1981]
  • nitrogen_fixing (categorical): non_nitrogen_fixer (2) [sources: Pekin_2011; Standish_2019]
  • root_structure (categorical): proteoid_root (2) [sources: Pekin_2011; Standish_2019]
  • parasitic (categorical): not_parasitic (1) [sources: Tsakalos_2020]
  • pollination_syndrome (categorical): insect (1) [sources: Groom_1997]
  • reproductive_maturity (numerical): 4 a (4-4 a) [sources: Burrows_2020]
  • flowering_time (categorical): nnnyyyyyyynn (3); nyyyyyyyyynn (1) [sources: ABRS_1981; Chen_2017; Tsakalos_2020; WAH_1998]
  • seedbank_location (categorical): canopy_seedbank (11); soil_seedbank (1); soil_seedbank_absent (1) [sources: Barrett_2009; Burrows_2008_2; Burrows_2020; Enright_2014; Gosper_2012; Standish_2019]
  • serotiny (categorical): serotinous (1); serotiny_low (3) [sources: Gosper_2012; Groom_1997; Groom_2010; Hanley_2001]
  • seed_dormancy_class (categorical): non_dormant (1) [sources: Collette_2021]
  • vegetative_reproduction_ability (categorical): not_vegetative (1) [sources: Tsakalos_2022]
  • clonal_spread_mechanism (categorical): non_clonal (1) [sources: Tsakalos_2022]
  • bud_bank_location (categorical): basal_buds (1); none (3) [sources: Burrows_2008_2; Clarke_2015; Groom_1997; Pekin_2011]
nutrient and stable isotope
seed morphology
  • seed_dry_mass (numerical): 15.04 mg (12.7-17.4 mg) [sources: Groom_1997; Groom_2010; Hanley_2002; Kew_2019_1]
  • seed_length (numerical): 10.83 mm (6.5-13 mm) [sources: ANBG_2019; ABRS_1981; ABRS_2023]
  • seed_width (numerical): 2.93 mm (2.93-2.93 mm) [sources: ANBG_2019]
  • seed_shape (categorical): ovoid (1); polyhedral (1); winged (2) [sources: ABRS_2023; ANBG_2019]
stem morphology
  • wood_density (numerical): 0.66 mg/mm3 (0.63-0.7 mg/mm3) [sources: Staples_2019]
whole plant morphology

Sources

dataset_idn_traitsn_recordsreference
Barrett_2009644S. Barrett, S. Comer, N. McQuoid, M. Porter, C. Tiller, and D. Utber. Identification and Conservation of Fire Sensitive Ecosystems and Species of the South Coast Natural Resource Management Region.. government. Department of Conservation and Land Management, South Coast Region, Western Australia, 2009.
ABRS_20231120Australian Biological Resources Study. Flora of Australia, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2023. url: http://www.ausflora.org.au.
Lamont_2002420B. B. Lamont, P. K. Groom, and R. M. Cowling. “High leaf mass per area of related species assemblages may reflect low rainfall and carbon isotope discrimination rather than low phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations”. Functional Ecology 16 (2002), pp. 403-412. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2435.2002.00631.x.
Enright_2014317N. J. Enright, J. B. Fontaine, B. B. Lamont, B. P. Miller, and V. C. Westcott. “Resistance and resilience to changing climate and fire regime depend on plant functional traits”. Journal of Ecology 102 (2014), pp. 1572-1581. doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12306.
Tsakalos_20201617J. L. Tsakalos, M. Renton, F. Riviera, E. J. Veneklaas, M. P. Dobrowolski, and L. Mucina. “Trait-based formal definition of plant functional types and functional communities in the multi-species and multi-traits context”. Ecological Complexity 40 (2019), p. 100787. doi: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2019.100787.
Wheeler_2002810J. R. Wheeler, N. G. Marchant, and M. Lewington. Flora of the south west: Bunbury, Augusta, Denmark. Australian Biological Resources Study ; University of Western Australia Press, 2002. ISBN: 9780642568168.
Groom_199799P. K. Groom and B. B. Lamont. “Fruit-seed relations in Hakea: serotinous species invest more dry matter in predispersal seed protection”. Austral Ecology 22.3 (1997), pp. 352-355. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.1997.tb00682.x.
Hanley_200277M. E. Hanley and B. B. Lamont. “Relationships between physical and chemical attributes of congeneric seedlings: how important is seedling defence?”. Functional Ecology 16.2 (2002), pp. 216-222. ISSN: 1365-2435. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2435.2002.00612.x.
Gosper_201266C. R. Gosper, C. J. Yates, and S. M. Prober. “Changes in plant species and functional composition with time since fire in two mediterranean climate plant communities”. Journal of Vegetation Science 23.6 (2012), pp. 1071-1081. doi: 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2012.01434.x.
Standish_201966R. Standish. “Unpublished data: Jarrah forest, Murdoch University”. 2019.
ANBG_201955Australian National Botanic Gardens. The National Seed Bank. 2018. url: http://www.anbg.gov.au/gardens/living/seedbank/.
Burrows_2008_255N. D. Burrows, G. Wardell-Johnson, and B. Ward. “Post-fire juvenile period of plants in south-west Australia forests and implications for fire management”. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 91 (2008), pp. 163-174. ISSN: 0035922X. url: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/19156 (visited on 03/27/2025).
Burrows_202055N. Burrows. Data from 'Plant Ecological Attributes' theme, NatureMap, DBCA, WA. 2020.
Chen_201755Chen, S.-C., Cornwell, W., Z. H.-X., Moles, and A. T. “Plants show more flesh in the tropics: Variation in fruit type along latitudinal and climatic gradients.”. Ecography 40 (2017), pp. 531-538. doi: abs/10.1111/ecog.02010.
Hanley_200155M. E. Hanley and B. B. Lamont. “Herbivory, serotiny and seedling defence in Western Australian Proteaceae”. Oecologia 126.3 (2001), pp. 409-417. ISSN: 1432-1939. doi: 10.1007/s004420000538.
Pate_199055J. S. Pate, R. H. Froend, B. J. Bowen, A. Hansen, and J. Kuo. “Seedling growth and storage characteristics of seeder and resprouter species of Mediterranean-type ecosystems of SW Australia”. Annals of Botany 65.6 (1990), pp. 585-601. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087976.
Pekin_201155B. K. Pekin, R. S. Wittkuhn, M. M. Boer, C. Macfarlane, and P. F. Grierson. “Plant functional traits along environmental gradients in seasonally dry and fire-prone ecosystem”. Journal of Vegetation Science 22 (2011), pp. 1009-1020. doi: 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2011.01323.x.
Staples_201915T. Staples, J. M. Dwyer, J. R. England, and M. M. Mayfield. “Productivity does not correlate with species and functional diversity in Australian reforestation plantings across a wide climate gradient”. Global Ecology and Biogeography 28.10 (2019), pp. 1417-1429. doi: 10.1111/geb.12962.
ABRS_202244Australian Biological Resources Study. Flora of Australia, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2022. url: http://www.ausflora.org.au.
Groom_201044P. K. Groom and B. B. Lamont. “Phosphorus accumulation in Proteaceae seeds: A synthesis”. Plant and Soil 334.1-2 (2010), pp. 61-72. doi: 10.1007/s11104-009-0135-6.
Sjostrom_200644A. Sjöström and C. L. Gross. “Life-history characters and phylogeny are correlated with extinction risk in the Australian angiosperms”. Journal of Biogeography 33.2 (2006), pp. 271-290. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01393.x.
Sweedman_200624L. Sweedman and D. Merritt. Australian Seeds: A Guide to Their Collection, Identification, and Biology. CSIRO Publishing, 2006. ISBN: 9780643094079.
WAH_2022_244Western Australian Herbarium. Florabase—the Western Australian Flora.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2022. url: https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/.
ABRS_198133B. A. Barlow, H. T. Clifford, A. S. George, and A. K. A. McCusker. Flora of Australia. 1981. url: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/flora/main/.
Clarke_201533P. J. Clarke, M. J. Lawes, B. P. Murphy, J. Russell-Smith, C. E. Nano, R. Bradstock, N. J. Enright, J. B. Fontaine, C. R. Gosper, I. Radford, J. J. Midgley, and R. M. Gunton. “A synthesis of postfire recovery traits of woody plants in Australian ecosystems”. Science of The Total Environment 534 (2015), pp. 31-42. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.002.
Jordan_202033G. J. Jordan, R. J. Carpenter, B. R. Holland, N. J. Beeton, M. D. Woodhams, and T. J. Brodribb. “Links between environment and stomatal size through evolutionary time in Proteaceae”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287.1919 (2020), p. 20192876. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2876.
Kew_2019_112Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. 2019. url: http://data.kew.org/sid/.
Tsakalos_202222J. L. Tsakalos, G. Ottaviani, S. Chelli, A. Rea, S. Elder, M. P. Dobrowolski, and L. Mucina. “Plant clonality in a soil-impoverished open ecosystem: insights from southwest Australian shrublands”. Annals of Botany 130.7 (2022), pp. 981-990. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcac131.
WAH_2023_212Western Australian Herbarium. Florabase—the Western Australian Flora.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2023. url: https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/.
Wenk_202222E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant growth forms dataset”. 2022.
Collette_202111J. C. Collette and M. K. J. Ooi. “Distribution of seed dormancy classes across a fire-prone continent: effects of rainfall seasonality and temperature”. Annals of Botany 127.5 (2021), pp. 613-620. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcaa203.
Munroe_201911S. E. M. Munroe, F. A. McInerney, J. Andrae, N. Welti, G. R. Guerin, E. Leitch, T. Hall, S. Szarvas, R. Atkins, S. Caddy-Retalic, and B. Sparrow. “The Photosynthetic Pathways of Plant Species Surveyed in Australia's National Terrestrial Monitoring Network”. Scientific Data 8 (2021), p. 97. doi: 10.1038/s41597-021-00877-z.
WAH_199811Western Australian Herbarium. FloraBase: The Western Australian flora. 1998. url: http://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au.
Wenk_202311E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant life history dataset, University of New South Wales, Sydney”. 2023.