AusTraits

Hardenbergia violacea

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Family Fabaceae

Taxonomy: Hardenbergia violacea (Schneev.) Stearn

Synonyms: 27 (APC 2026-07-30)
  • Caulinia bimaculata (Curtis) Kuntze (taxonomic synonym)
  • Caulinia monophylla (Vent.) F.Muell. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Caulinia monophylla (Vent.) F.Muell. var. monophylla (taxonomic synonym)
  • Glycine bimaculata Curtis (taxonomic synonym)
  • Glycine monophylla J.L.Parm. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Glycine violacea Schneev. (nomenclatural synonym)
  • Glycine virens Curtis (taxonomic synonym)
  • Glycine virens Steud. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Hardenbergia bimaculata (Curtis) Domin (taxonomic synonym)
  • Hardenbergia bimaculata (Curtis) Domin var. bimaculata (taxonomic synonym)
  • Hardenbergia bimaculata var. longiracemosa (Lodd.) Domin (taxonomic synonym)
  • Hardenbergia bimaculata var. typica Domin (taxonomic synonym)
  • Hardenbergia monophylla (Vent.) Benth. var. monophylla (taxonomic synonym)
  • Hardenbergia monophylla Benth. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Hardenbergia monophylla var. longiracemosa (Lodd., G.Lodd. & W.Lodd.) F.M.Bailey (taxonomic synonym)
  • Hardenbergia violacea (Schneev.) Stearn f. violacea (nomenclatural synonym)
  • Hardenbergia violacea f. alba Stearn (taxonomic synonym)
  • Hardenbergia violacea f. rosea Stearn (taxonomic synonym)
  • Kennedia longiracemosa (Lindl.) Lodd., G.Lodd. & W.Lodd. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Kennedia monophylla Vent. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Kennedia monophylla Vent. var. monophylla (taxonomic synonym)
  • Kennedia monophylla var. bimaculata (Curtis) Heynh. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Kennedia monophylla var. longiracemosa Lindl. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Kennedya bimaculata Maund (taxonomic synonym)
  • Kennedya monophylla Heynh. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Kennedya monophylla var. bimaculata Heynh. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Kennedya monophylla var. longiracemosa Lindl. (taxonomic synonym)

Distribution (APC): SA, Qld, NSW, ACT, Vic, Tas

Profiles: APC, Flora of Australia, ALA, iNaturalist, NSW Flora, SA eFlora, Vic Flora, ATRP

Traits

Top source datasets: ANBG_2019 (6), ATRP_2020 (1), Carey_2003 (3), Cheal_2017 (6), Clarke_2009 (12), Clarke_2015 (3), Collette_2021 (1), Doherty_2021 (2), Dong_2017 (8), Draper_2023 (3), Du_2018 (29), Du_2019 (20), Fonseca_2000 (9), Gallagher_2012 (3), Harrison_2009 (14), Hughes_1992 (4), Jordan_2001 (7), Kew_2019_1 (6), Kew_2019_5 (1), Kew_2019_6 (1), Kooyman_2011 (13), Kubiak_2009 (8), Leishman_2007 (10), McCarthy_2017 (5), McGlone_2015 (7), Meers_2007 (11), Mesaglio_2022 (3), Moles_2000 (3), NHNSW_2014_2 (4), NHNSW_2022 (2), NHNSW_2023 (15), NSWFRD_2014 (17), Ooi_2007 (91), Pickup_2021 (45), Purdie_1976 (3), RBGV_2022 (3), RBGV_2023 (18), SAH_2022 (3), SAH_2023 (25), Schmidt_1993 (2), Sjostrom_2006 (4), Wenk_2022 (2), Wenk_2023 (1), White_2020 (40), Williams_2005 (6), Williams_2011 (9), Wright_2000 (10), eFLOWER_Dun_2022 (25). See below for a full list of sources.
Summary: AusTraits contains 129 traits from 524 records in 48 datasets.

Traits by category (click to expand). For categorical traits, the values are listed. For numerical traits, the mean and range are shown.

fire response
  • resprouting_capacity (categorical): fire_killed (5); partial_resprouting (9); resprouts (8) [sources: Carey_2003; Clarke_2009; Clarke_2015; Doherty_2021; Kubiak_2009; Meers_2007; NSWFRD_2014; Pickup_2021; Purdie_1976]
  • post_fire_recruitment (categorical): post_fire_recruitment (14); post_fire_recruitment_absent (1) [sources: Carey_2003; Cheal_2017; Clarke_2015; NSWFRD_2014; Pickup_2021; Purdie_1976]
  • fire_time_from_fire_to_flowering (numerical): 12 mo (12-12 mo) [sources: NSWFRD_2014]
flower morphology
  • flower_colour (categorical): blue_purple (2); yellow_orange (1) [sources: NHNSW_2014_2; eFLOWER_Dun_2022]
  • sex_type (categorical): hermaphrodite (2); monoecious (1) [sources: Jordan_2001; Sjostrom_2006]
fruit morphology
  • fruit_length (numerical): 22.67 mm (2-45 mm) [sources: NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • fruit_width (numerical): 8 mm (6-10 mm) [sources: RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • fruit_height (numerical): 8 mm (8-8 mm) [sources: SAH_2023]
  • fruit_type (categorical): capsule (1); legume (4) [sources: NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023; Sjostrom_2006; Wright_2000]
  • fruit_fleshiness (categorical): dry (3) [sources: Jordan_2001; Sjostrom_2006; Wright_2000]
  • fruit_dehiscence (categorical): dehiscent (4) [sources: NHNSW_2023; SAH_2023; Sjostrom_2006; Wright_2000]
  • fruit_colour (categorical): brown (1) [sources: SAH_2023]
leaf morphology
  • leaf_area (numerical): 1143.18 mm2 (772-1994.8 mm2) [sources: Fonseca_2000; Meers_2007; Moles_2000]
  • leaf_length (numerical): 71 mm (20-100 mm) [sources: McGlone_2015; Kooyman_2011; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • leaf_width (numerical): 31.09 mm (5-60 mm) [sources: Fonseca_2000; McGlone_2015; Kooyman_2011; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • leaf_dry_mass (numerical): 121 mg (109-133 mg) [sources: Fonseca_2000]
  • petiole_length (numerical): 1 cm (1-1 cm) [sources: NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023]
  • leaf_mass_per_area (numerical): 116.82 g/m2 (56.22-150.5 g/m2) [sources: Dong_2017; Du_2018; Fonseca_2000; Harrison_2009; Leishman_2007; Meers_2007; Moles_2000]
  • leaf_area_ratio (numerical): 6.51 mm2/mg (4.26-8.32 mm2/mg) [sources: Du_2018]
  • leaf_shape (categorical): lanceolate (1); narrowly_lanceolate (2); ovate (3) [sources: NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • leaf_base_shape (categorical): truncate (1) [sources: SAH_2023]
  • leaf_margin (categorical): entire (2) [sources: NHNSW_2014_2; SAH_2023]
  • leaf_lobation (categorical): unlobed (1) [sources: Kooyman_2011]
  • leaf_compoundness (categorical): compound (2); simple (2) [sources: Kooyman_2011; McGlone_2015; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023]
  • leaf_hairs_adult_leaves (categorical): glabrous (1) [sources: Moles_2000]
  • leaf_phyllotaxis (categorical): alternate (3) [sources: NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • plant_photosynthetic_organ (categorical): leaf (3) [sources: NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
life history
  • photosynthetic_pathway (categorical): c3 (4) [sources: Harrison_2009; White_2020; Williams_2011]
  • plant_growth_form (categorical): climber (16); climber_herbaceous (4); herb (1); shrub (3); subshrub (4) [sources: ATRP_2020; Clarke_2009; Fonseca_2000; Hughes_1992; Kooyman_2011; Leishman_2007; McGlone_2015; NHNSW_2022; NSWFRD_2014; Pickup_2021; RBGV_2022; SAH_2022; Wenk_2022; White_2020; Williams_2011]
  • life_form (categorical): chamaephyte (2); phanerophyte (1) [sources: Meers_2007; Williams_2005; Williams_2011]
  • life_history (categorical): perennial (5) [sources: Cheal_2017; Jordan_2001; RBGV_2022; Wenk_2023; Williams_2005]
  • woodiness_detailed (categorical): herbaceous (1); woody_root (2) [sources: SAH_2022; Wenk_2022]
  • plant_climbing_mechanism (categorical): scrambling (2); twining (3) [sources: Clarke_2009; Gallagher_2012; White_2020]
  • stem_growth_habit (categorical): climbing (3); prostrate (3); sprawling (1) [sources: McGlone_2015; NHNSW_2022; RBGV_2022; SAH_2022; White_2020]
  • leaf_phenology (categorical): evergreen (1) [sources: Kooyman_2011]
  • nitrogen_fixing (categorical): nitrogen_fixer (4); non_nitrogen_fixer (2) [sources: Dong_2017; Meers_2007; Schmidt_1993; White_2020; Williams_2011]
  • root_structure (categorical): arbuscular_mycorrhizal (1); ectomycorrhizal (2) [sources: Meers_2007; Schmidt_1993]
  • parasitic (categorical): not_parasitic (2) [sources: White_2020]
  • pollination_syndrome (categorical): insect (3) [sources: Draper_2023; White_2020]
  • pollination_system (categorical): biotic_unspecialised (1) [sources: Williams_2011]
  • dispersal_syndrome (categorical): barochory (1); myrmecochory (6); zoochory (3) [sources: Draper_2023; Hughes_1992; Kew_2019_5; Meers_2007; NSWFRD_2014; White_2020; Williams_2005; Williams_2011]
  • dispersers (categorical): ants (2); invertebrates (2); passive (1) [sources: Draper_2023; NSWFRD_2014; White_2020]
  • flowering_time (categorical): nnnnnnnnyynn (2); nnnnnnnnyyyn (2); nnnnnnnyyynn (1); nnnnnnnyyyyn (2); nnnnnnyyyynn (1) [sources: Hughes_1992; Mesaglio_2022; NHNSW_2014_2; NSWFRD_2014; White_2020]
  • seedbank_location (categorical): soil_seedbank (14) [sources: Clarke_2009; NSWFRD_2014; Pickup_2021; Williams_2005]
  • serotiny (categorical): not_serotinous (1) [sources: Hughes_1992]
  • seedbank_longevity_class (categorical): long_persistent (1); persistent (12) [sources: Cheal_2017; NSWFRD_2014; Pickup_2021; White_2020]
  • seed_dormancy_class (categorical): physical_dormancy (2) [sources: Collette_2021; Ooi_2007]
  • vegetative_reproduction_ability (categorical): not_vegetative (5) [sources: Meers_2007; NHNSW_2014_2; White_2020; Williams_2005]
  • clonal_spread_mechanism (categorical): non_clonal (2) [sources: Meers_2007; Williams_2011]
  • bud_bank_location (categorical): basal_buds (2); basal_stem_buds (3); bud-bearing_root (1); none (1) [sources: Carey_2003; Clarke_2009; Clarke_2015; Doherty_2021; NSWFRD_2014]
nutrient and stable isotope
  • leaf_N_per_dry_mass (numerical): 20.18 mg/g (15.7-31.77 mg/g) [sources: Dong_2017; Harrison_2009; Leishman_2007]
  • leaf_P_per_dry_mass (numerical): 0.29 mg/g (0.29-0.29 mg/g) [sources: Leishman_2007]
  • leaf_delta13C (numerical): -22.92 {delta}[ppth] (-25.65--20.2 {delta}[ppth]) [sources: Dong_2017; Harrison_2009]
seed morphology
  • seed_dry_mass (numerical): 26.77 mg (5-39.64 mg) [sources: ANBG_2019; Kew_2019_1; Meers_2007; Ooi_2007; Williams_2005]
  • seed_length (numerical): 4.64 mm (4-5.15 mm) [sources: ANBG_2019; Jordan_2001; Kooyman_2011; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • seed_width (numerical): 2.66 mm (1.5-4 mm) [sources: ANBG_2019; Jordan_2001; Kooyman_2011; SAH_2023]
  • seed_shape (categorical): reniform (3) [sources: ANBG_2019; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
stem morphology
  • wood_density (numerical): 0.6 mg/mm3 (0.51-0.77 mg/mm3) [sources: McCarthy_2017]
whole plant morphology

Sources

dataset_idn_traitsn_recordsreference
Ooi_2007291M. K. J. Ooi, P. Myerscough, and T. Auld. “Unpublished data: Longterm seed mass field campaign, University of New South Wales”. 2007.
Pickup_2021545M. Pickup and T. McDonald. Bushfire impacts — A national model for assessing local landscape restoration priorities. Project Phoenix Report. Greening Australia, 2021. url: https://www.greeningaustralia.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/1.02R2.pdf.
White_20202040M. White, S. Sinclair, and D. Frood. Victorian Vital Attributes Database. database. Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Victoria, 2020.
Du_2018529P. Du, S. K. Arndt, and C. Farrell. “Relationships between plant drought response, traits, and climate of origin for green roof plant selection”. Ecological Applications 28.7 (2018), pp. 1752-1761. doi: 10.1002/eap.1782.
SAH_20231925S. H. of South Australia. eFlora of SA, Electronic Flora of South Australia. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/.
eFLOWER_Dun_20222225L. Dun and H. Sauquet. “Unpublished: Floral traits for GAP taxa, University of New South Wales, Australia”. 2022.
Du_2019420P. Du, S. K. Arndt, and C. Farrell. “Can the turgor loss point be used to assess drought response to select plants for green roofs in hot and dry climates?”. Plant and Soil 441.1-2 (2019), pp. 399-408. doi: 10.1007/s11104-019-04133-7.
RBGV_20231318VicFlora. Flora of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2023. url: https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/.
NSWFRD_20141317B. Kenny, C. Orscheg, E. Tasker, M. A. Gill, and R. Bradstock. NSW Flora Fire Response Database, v2.1. database. NSW Department of Planning Industry and Environment, 2014.
NHNSW_20231115N. H. of New South Wales. The Plant Information Network System of The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Version 2.0.. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2023. url: https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
Harrison_20091314M. T. Harrison, E. J. Edwards, G. D. Farquhar, A. B. Nicotra, and J. R. Evans. “Nitrogen in cell walls of sclerophyllous leaves accounts for little of the variation in photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency”. Plant, Cell and Environment 32 (2009), pp. 259-270. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01918.x.
Kooyman_2011913R. Kooyman, M. Rossetto, W. Cornwell, and M. Westoby. “Phylogenetic tests of community assembly across regional to continental scales in tropical and subtropical rain forests”. Global Ecology and Biogeography 20 (2011), pp. 707-716. doi: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00641.x.
Clarke_2009612P. J. Clarke, K. J. E. Knox, M. L. Campbell, and L. M. Copeland. “Post-fire recovery of woody plants in the New England Tableland Bioregion”. Cunninghamia 11 (2009), pp. 221-239. doi: https://hdl.handle.net/1959.11/4907.
Meers_20071111T. Meers. “Role of plant functional traits in determining the response of vegetation to land use change on the Delatite Peninsula, Victoria.”. PhD. University of Melbourne, 2007.
Leishman_2007810M. R. Leishman, T. Haslehurst, A. Ares, and Z. Baruch. “Leaf trait relationships of native and invasive plants: community- and global-scale comparisons”. New Phytologist 176.3 (2007), pp. 635-643. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02189.x.
Wright_20001010I. J. Wright, H. T. Clifford, R. Kidson, M. L. Reed, B. L. Rice, and M. Westoby. “A survey of seed and seedling characters in 1744 Australian dicotyledon species: Cross-species trait correlations and correlated trait-shifts within evolutionary lineages”. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 69 (2000), pp. 521-547. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01222.x.
Fonseca_200059C. R. Fonseca, J. M. Overton, B. Collins, and M. Westoby. “Shifts in trait-combinations along rainfall and phosphorus gradients”. Journal of Ecology 88 (2000), pp. 964-977. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00506.x.
Williams_201199R. P. Duncan, S. E. Clemants, R. T. Corlett, A. K. Hahs, M. A. McCarthy, M. J. McDonnell, M. W. Schwartz, K. Thompson, P. A. Vesk, and N. S. G. Williams. “Plant traits and extinction in urban areas: a meta-analysis of 11 cities”. Global Ecology and Biogeography 20.4 (2011), pp. 509-519. doi: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00633.x.
Dong_201788N. Dong, I. C. Prentice, B. J. Evans, S. Caddy-Retalic, A. J. Lowe, and I. J. Wright. “Leaf nitrogen from first principles: field evidence for adaptive variation with climate”. Biogeosciences 14.2 (2017), pp. 481-495. doi: 10.5194/bg-14-481-2017.
Kubiak_200958P. J. Kubiak. “Fire responses of bushland plants after the January 1994 wildfires in northern Sydney”. Cunninghamia 11.1 (2009), pp. 131-165.
Jordan_200177G. J. Jordan. “An investigation of long-distance dispersal based on species native to both Tasmania and New Zealand”. Australian Journal of Botany 49.3 (2001), pp. 333-340. doi: 10.1071/bt00024.
McGlone_201577M. S. McGlone, S. J. Richardson, G. J. Jordan, and G. L. Perry. “Is there a `suboptimal' woody species height? A response to Scheffer et al.”. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 30.1 (2015), pp. 4-5. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.09.007.
ANBG_201966Australian National Botanic Gardens. The National Seed Bank. 2018. url: http://www.anbg.gov.au/gardens/living/seedbank/.
Cheal_201766D. Cheal. Growth stages and tolerable fire intervals for Victoria's native vegetation data sets. Fire and adaptive management, report no. 84. Victorian Government Department of Sustainability and Environment Melbourne, 2010.
Kew_2019_116Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. 2019. url: http://data.kew.org/sid/.
Williams_200566N. S. G. Williams, J. W. Morgan, M. J. McDonnell, and M. A. McCarthy. “Plant traits and local extinctions in natural grasslands along an urban-rural gradient”. Journal of Ecology 93.6 (2005), pp. 1203-1213. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.01039.x.
McCarthy_201715J. K. McCarthy, J. M. Dwyer, and K. Mokany. “A regional-scale assessment of using metabolic scaling theory to predict ecosystem properties”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286.1915 (2019), p. 20192221. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2221.
Hughes_199244L. Hughes and B. Rice. “Unpublished data: Traits data for 643 species, Macquarie University”. 1992.
NHNSW_2014_244Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney. PLantNET: NSW flora online. 2014. url: http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
Sjostrom_200644A. Sjöström and C. L. Gross. “Life-history characters and phylogeny are correlated with extinction risk in the Australian angiosperms”. Journal of Biogeography 33.2 (2006), pp. 271-290. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01393.x.
Carey_200333A. C. &. M. E. &. P. H. &. M. L. &. T. M. &. P. O. &. S. S. &. D. S. &. N. Webb. Wildfires in the ACT 2003: Report on Initial Impacts on Natural Ecosystems. Technical Report No. 17. Environment ACT, 2003. url: https://www.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/2539593/17-wildfires-in-the-act-report-on-initial-impacts-on-natural-ecosystems-2003.pdf.
Clarke_201533P. J. Clarke, M. J. Lawes, B. P. Murphy, J. Russell-Smith, C. E. Nano, R. Bradstock, N. J. Enright, J. B. Fontaine, C. R. Gosper, I. Radford, J. J. Midgley, and R. M. Gunton. “A synthesis of postfire recovery traits of woody plants in Australian ecosystems”. Science of The Total Environment 534 (2015), pp. 31-42. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.002.
Draper_202333J. T. Draper, S. Delean, J. G. Conran, P. Weinstein, and B. S. Simpson. “Life-history characteristics and climate correlates of dioecious plant species in central southern Australia”. Australian Journal of Botany unknown.unknown (2023), p. unknown. doi: 10.1071/BT22110.
Gallagher_201233R. V. Gallagher and M. R. Leishman. “A global analysis of trait variation and evolution in climbing plants”. Journal of Biogeography 39.10 (2012), pp. 1757-1771. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2012.02773.x.
Mesaglio_202213T. Mesaglio. “Unpublished data: Comprehensive biodiversity survey of Wategora Reserve and Everley Park along Duck River, western Sydney”. 2022. doi: 10.32942/X29886.
Moles_200033A. T. Moles and M. Westoby. “Do small leaves expand faster than large leaves, and do shorter expansion times reduce herbivore damage?”. OIKOS 90.3 (2000), pp. 517-524. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.900310.x..
Purdie_197633R. W. Purdie and R. O. Slatyer. “Vegetation succession after fire in sclerophyll woodland communities in south-eastern Australia”. Australian Journal of Ecology 1 (1976), pp. 223-236.
RBGV_202233VicFlora. Flora of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/.
SAH_202233S. H. of South Australia. eFlora of SA, Electronic Flora of South Australia. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/.
Doherty_202122M. Doherty. “Fire Severity and Plant Community Dynamics in the Australian Alps, Southeastern New South Wales”. PhD. Australian National University, 2021. url: http://hdl.handle.net/1885/224564.
NHNSW_202222N. H. of New South Wales. The Plant Information Network System of The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Version 2.0.. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
Schmidt_199322S. Schmidt. “Unpublished data: Compilation of mycorrhizal status data, University of Queensland”. 1993.
Wenk_202222E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant growth forms dataset”. 2022.
ATRP_202011F. A. Zich, B. P. Hyland, T. Whiffin, and R. A. Kerrigan. Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants, Edition 8. 2020. url: https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/intro/index.html.
Collette_202111J. C. Collette and M. K. J. Ooi. “Distribution of seed dormancy classes across a fire-prone continent: effects of rainfall seasonality and temperature”. Annals of Botany 127.5 (2021), pp. 613-620. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcaa203.
Kew_2019_511Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Seed dispersal data from the Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. 2019. url: http://data.kew.org/sid/.
Kew_2019_611Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Germination data from the Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. 2019. url: http://data.kew.org/sid/.
Wenk_202311E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant life history dataset, University of New South Wales, Sydney”. 2023.