Heliotropium europaeum

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Family Boraginaceae

Taxonomy: Heliotropium europaeum L.

Synonyms: 2 (APC 2026-07-30)

Heliotropium glandulosum R.Br. (taxonomic synonym)
Heliotropium lacunarium F.Muell. (taxonomic synonym)

Distribution (APC): WA, SA, Qld, NSW, ACT (naturalised), Vic

Profiles: APC, Flora of Australia, ALA, iNaturalist, NSW Flora, SA eFlora, Vic Flora, Florabase, ATRP

Traits

Top source datasets: Curtis_2012 (14), Kew_2019_1 (4), Kew_2019_2 (1), Kew_2019_4 (1), Kew_2019_6 (7), Munroe_2019 (1), NHNSW_2014_2 (4), NHNSW_2022 (4), NHNSW_2023 (9), NSWFRD_2014 (3), RBGV_2022 (4), RBGV_2023 (12), SAH_2014 (4), SAH_2022 (4), SAH_2023 (2), Sjostrom_2006 (1), WAH_2022_2 (3), WAH_2023_2 (2), Wenk_2022 (2), Wenk_2023 (1), White_2020 (19). See below for a full list of sources.
Summary: AusTraits contains 51 traits from 102 records in 21 datasets.

Traits by category (click to expand). For categorical traits, the values are listed. For numerical traits, the mean and range are shown.

fire response

resprouting_capacity (categorical): fire_killed (2) [sources: NSWFRD_2014; White_2020]

flower morphology

flower_colour (categorical): white_cream (1) [sources: NHNSW_2014_2]

fruit morphology

fruit_type (categorical): mericarp (3) [sources: NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
fruit_dehiscence (categorical): dehiscent (1) [sources: Sjostrom_2006]
fruit_colour (categorical): brown (1) [sources: RBGV_2023]

leaf morphology

leaf_area (numerical): 902.49 mm2 (902.49-902.49 mm2) [sources: Curtis_2012]
leaf_length (numerical): 46.54 mm (15-90 mm) [sources: Curtis_2012; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2014]
leaf_width (numerical): 20.31 mm (5-30 mm) [sources: Curtis_2012; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2014]
leaf_dry_mass (numerical): 65.4 mg (65.4-65.4 mg) [sources: Curtis_2012]
petiole_length (numerical): 3 cm (3-3 cm) [sources: RBGV_2023]
leaf_mass_per_area (numerical): 74.3 g/m2 (74.3-74.3 g/m2) [sources: Curtis_2012]
leaf_dry_matter_content (numerical): 0.2 g/g (0.2-0.2 g/g) [sources: Curtis_2012]
leaf_shape (categorical): elliptical (2); ovate (2) [sources: NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023]
leaf_base_shape (categorical): cuneate (1) [sources: RBGV_2023]
leaf_margin (categorical): entire (1) [sources: NHNSW_2014_2]
leaf_margin_posture (categorical): flat (1) [sources: RBGV_2023]
leaf_compoundness (categorical): simple (1) [sources: NHNSW_2014_2]
leaf_phyllotaxis (categorical): alternate (1) [sources: NHNSW_2023]
plant_photosynthetic_organ (categorical): leaf (3) [sources: NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]

life history

photosynthetic_pathway (categorical): c3 (1); c4 (1) [sources: Munroe_2019; White_2020]
plant_growth_form (categorical): herb (8) [sources: Curtis_2012; NHNSW_2022; NSWFRD_2014; RBGV_2022; SAH_2022; WAH_2022_2; Wenk_2022; White_2020]
life_history (categorical): annual (6) [sources: Curtis_2012; NHNSW_2022; RBGV_2022; SAH_2022; WAH_2022_2; Wenk_2023]
woodiness_detailed (categorical): herbaceous (5) [sources: NHNSW_2022; RBGV_2022; SAH_2022; WAH_2022_2; Wenk_2022]
stem_growth_habit (categorical): erect (3) [sources: NHNSW_2022; RBGV_2022; SAH_2022]
nitrogen_fixing (categorical): non_nitrogen_fixer (1) [sources: White_2020]
parasitic (categorical): not_parasitic (1) [sources: White_2020]
pollination_syndrome (categorical): insect (1) [sources: White_2020]
dispersal_syndrome (categorical): epizoochory (1) [sources: White_2020]
dispersers (categorical): mammals (1) [sources: White_2020]
flowering_time (categorical): yyyyynnnnnny (2); yyyyyyyyyyyy (1) [sources: NHNSW_2014_2; NSWFRD_2014; White_2020]
seedbank_longevity_class (categorical): persistent (1) [sources: White_2020]
vegetative_reproduction_ability (categorical): not_vegetative (1) [sources: White_2020]

seed morphology

seed_dry_mass (numerical): 1.14 mg (0.8-1.46 mg) [sources: Kew_2019_1]

whole plant morphology

plant_height (numerical): 0.3 m (0.1-0.4 m) [sources: NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; WAH_2023_2]
plant_physical_defence_structures (categorical): absent (1) [sources: White_2020]

Sources

dataset_id	n_traits	n_records	reference
White_2020	19	19	M. White, S. Sinclair, and D. Frood. Victorian Vital Attributes Database. database. Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Victoria, 2020.
Curtis_2012	14	14	E. M. Curtis, A. Leigh, and S. Rayburg. “Relationships among leaf traits of Australian arid zone plants: alternative modes of thermal protection”. Australian Journal of Botany 60.6 (2012), pp. 471-483. doi: 10.1071/bt11284.
RBGV_2023	10	12	VicFlora. Flora of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2023. url: https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/.
NHNSW_2023	7	9	N. H. of New South Wales. The Plant Information Network System of The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Version 2.0.. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2023. url: https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
Kew_2019_6	1	7	Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Germination data from the Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. 2019. url: http://data.kew.org/sid/.
Kew_2019_1	1	4	Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. 2019. url: http://data.kew.org/sid/.
NHNSW_2014_2	4	4	Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney. PLantNET: NSW flora online. 2014. url: http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
NHNSW_2022	4	4	N. H. of New South Wales. The Plant Information Network System of The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Version 2.0.. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
RBGV_2022	4	4	VicFlora. Flora of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/.
SAH_2014	2	4	J. P. Jessop and H. R. Toelken. Flora of South Australia, 4th edition, 4 vols. Electronic version curated by J. Kellermann, State Herbarium of South Australia.. Government Printer, Adelaide, 1986.
SAH_2022	4	4	S. H. of South Australia. eFlora of SA, Electronic Flora of South Australia. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/.
NSWFRD_2014	3	3	B. Kenny, C. Orscheg, E. Tasker, M. A. Gill, and R. Bradstock. NSW Flora Fire Response Database, v2.1. database. NSW Department of Planning Industry and Environment, 2014.
WAH_2022_2	3	3	Western Australian Herbarium. Florabase—the Western Australian Flora.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2022. url: https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/.
SAH_2023	2	2	S. H. of South Australia. eFlora of SA, Electronic Flora of South Australia. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/.
WAH_2023_2	1	2	Western Australian Herbarium. Florabase—the Western Australian Flora.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2023. url: https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/.
Wenk_2022	2	2	E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant growth forms dataset”. 2022.
Kew_2019_2	1	1	Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. 2019. url: http://data.kew.org/sid/.
Kew_2019_4	1	1	Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Oil content data from Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. 2019. url: http://data.kew.org/sid/.
Munroe_2019	1	1	S. E. M. Munroe, F. A. McInerney, J. Andrae, N. Welti, G. R. Guerin, E. Leitch, T. Hall, S. Szarvas, R. Atkins, S. Caddy-Retalic, and B. Sparrow. “The Photosynthetic Pathways of Plant Species Surveyed in Australia's National Terrestrial Monitoring Network”. Scientific Data 8 (2021), p. 97. doi: 10.1038/s41597-021-00877-z.
Sjostrom_2006	1	1	A. Sjöström and C. L. Gross. “Life-history characters and phylogeny are correlated with extinction risk in the Australian angiosperms”. Journal of Biogeography 33.2 (2006), pp. 271-290. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01393.x.
Wenk_2023	1	1	E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant life history dataset, University of New South Wales, Sydney”. 2023.