AusTraits

Themeda triandra

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Family Poaceae

Taxonomy: Themeda triandra Forssk.

Synonyms: 35 (APC 2026-07-30)
  • Anthistiria australis R.Br. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Anthistiria australis R.Br. var. australis (taxonomic synonym)
  • Anthistiria australis var. colorata Andersson (taxonomic synonym)
  • Anthistiria australis var. concolor Andersson (taxonomic synonym)
  • Anthistiria australis var. pubescens Andersson (taxonomic synonym)
  • Anthistiria caespitosa Andersson (taxonomic synonym)
  • Anthistiria ciliata var. imberbis (Retz.) Nees (taxonomic synonym)
  • Anthistiria cuspidata Andersson (taxonomic synonym)
  • Anthistiria forskalii Kunth (taxonomic synonym)
  • Anthistiria imberbis Retz. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Anthistiria vulgaris Hack. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Anthistiria vulgaris var. imberbis (Retz.) Hack. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Themeda arguens subvar. imberbis (Retz.) Roberty (taxonomic synonym)
  • Themeda australis (R.Br.) Stapf (taxonomic synonym)
  • Themeda forskallii (Kunth) Hack. ex Duthie (taxonomic synonym)
  • Themeda forskallii (Kunth) Hack. ex Duthie subvar. forskallii (taxonomic synonym)
  • Themeda forskallii (Kunth) Hack. ex Duthie var. forskallii (taxonomic synonym)
  • Themeda forskallii subvar. caespitosa (Andersson) Hack. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Themeda forskallii subvar. grandiflora Hack. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Themeda forskallii subvar. lagopus Hack. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Themeda forskallii var. imberbis (Retz.) Hack. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Themeda imberbis (Retz.) T.Cooke (taxonomic synonym)
  • Themeda triandra Forssk. subvar. triandra (nomenclatural synonym)
  • Themeda triandra Forssk. var. triandra (nomenclatural synonym)
  • Themeda triandra subvar. cuspidata (Andersson) Domin (taxonomic synonym)
  • Themeda triandra subvar. grandiflora (Hack.) Domin (taxonomic synonym)
  • Themeda triandra subvar. lagopus (Hack.) Domin (taxonomic synonym)
  • Themeda triandra subvar. oligotricha Domin (taxonomic synonym)
  • Themeda triandra var. caesia Domin (taxonomic synonym)
  • Themeda triandra var. fascicularis Domin (taxonomic synonym)
  • Themeda triandra var. praealta Domin (taxonomic synonym)
  • Themeda triandra var. rigidiuscula Domin (taxonomic synonym)
  • Themeda triandra var. trichospatha Domin (taxonomic synonym)
  • Themeda triandra var. vulgaris (Hack.) Domin (taxonomic synonym)
  • Themeda triandra var. xiphium Domin (taxonomic synonym)
Misapplied names: 1 (APC 2026-07-30)
  • Anthistiria ciliata L.f. (misapplied)

Distribution (APC): WA, NT, SA, Qld, NSW, ACT, Vic, Tas

Profiles: APC, Flora of Australia, ALA, iNaturalist, NSW Flora, NT eFlora, SA eFlora, Vic Flora, Florabase, ATRP

Traits

Top source datasets: ANBG_2019 (11), Angevin_2011 (7), Carey_2003 (3), Cheal_2017 (8), Cross_2009 (4), Crowley_2007 (2), Doherty_2021 (2), Draper_2023 (2), Duncan_1998 (20), GrassBase_2014 (6), Hughes_1992 (4), Jordan_2001 (7), Kew_2019_1 (23), Kew_2019_2 (11), Kew_2019_4 (17), Kew_2019_6 (3), Kubiak_2009 (5), Leishman_1992 (7), Lord_1997 (3), Lunt_2012 (1), Metcalfe_2020_2 (15), Mokany_2008 (77), Mokany_2015 (1), Moles_2011 (6), Moore_2019_2 (55), Morgan_2011_1 (5), Morgan_2011_2 (1), Mott_1978 (36), Munroe_2019 (1), NHNSW_2014 (1), NHNSW_2014_2 (2), NHNSW_2022 (4), NHNSW_2023 (6), NSWFRD_2014 (20), Nano_2011 (2), OReillyNugent_2018 (32), Osborne_2014 (1), RBGV_2022 (4), RBGV_2023 (7), Rice_1991 (1), SAH_2022 (4), SAH_2023 (4), Schmidt_1993 (1), Schmidt_2010 (112), Simpson_2021 (3), Sjostrom_2006 (4), Soliveres_2012 (3), Sweedman_2006 (3), Vesk_2004 (39), Vesk_2019 (174), WAH_2022_2 (3), WAH_2023_2 (3), Wenk_2022 (2), Wenk_2023 (1), Wheeler_2002 (9), White_2020 (18), Williams_2005 (5), Williams_2011 (9), eFLOWER_Dun_2022 (7). See below for a full list of sources.
Summary: AusTraits contains 110 traits from 827 records in 59 datasets.

Traits by category (click to expand). For categorical traits, the values are listed. For numerical traits, the mean and range are shown.

fire response
  • resprouting_capacity (categorical): partial_resprouting (15); resprouts (14) [sources: Carey_2003; Cheal_2017; Crowley_2007; Doherty_2021; Kubiak_2009; Moore_2019_2; NSWFRD_2014; Nano_2011; Simpson_2021; Vesk_2004]
  • post_fire_recruitment (categorical): post_fire_recruitment (2); post_fire_recruitment_absent (2) [sources: Carey_2003; Cheal_2017; NSWFRD_2014]
  • fire_time_from_fire_to_flowering (numerical): 12 mo (12-12 mo) [sources: NSWFRD_2014]
flower morphology
  • flower_colour (categorical): blue_purple (1); red_brown (3) [sources: NHNSW_2014_2; eFLOWER_Dun_2022]
  • sex_type (categorical): andromonoecious (2); hermaphrodite (1); monoecious (1) [sources: Jordan_2001; Metcalfe_2020_2; Sjostrom_2006]
fruit morphology
  • fruit_type (categorical): caryopsis (6) [sources: Metcalfe_2020_2; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023; Sjostrom_2006; WAH_2023_2]
  • fruit_fleshiness (categorical): dry (3) [sources: Jordan_2001; Metcalfe_2020_2; Sjostrom_2006]
  • fruit_dehiscence (categorical): dehiscent (1); indehiscent (2) [sources: Metcalfe_2020_2; Sjostrom_2006]
leaf morphology
  • leaf_area (numerical): 796.51 mm2 (124.32-3340.6 mm2) [sources: Angevin_2011; Duncan_1998; Leishman_1992; Metcalfe_2020_2; Mokany_2008; Mokany_2015; Moles_2011; Moore_2019_2; Vesk_2004]
  • leaf_length (numerical): 295.3 mm (100-500 mm) [sources: Mokany_2008; GrassBase_2014; RBGV_2023; Wheeler_2002]
  • leaf_width (numerical): 4.2 mm (1-8 mm) [sources: Mokany_2008; GrassBase_2014; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; Wheeler_2002]
  • leaf_dry_mass (numerical): 161.04 mg (18.7-764 mg) [sources: Duncan_1998; Mokany_2008; Moore_2019_2]
  • leaf_mass_per_area (numerical): 71.81 g/m2 (38.53-228.83 g/m2) [sources: Angevin_2011; Cross_2009; Duncan_1998; Lunt_2012; Mokany_2008; Moles_2011; Moore_2019_2; Morgan_2011_2; OReillyNugent_2018; Vesk_2004]
  • leaf_mass_fraction (numerical): 0.18 g/g (0.12-0.22 g/g) [sources: Mokany_2008]
  • leaf_dry_matter_content (numerical): 0.44 g/g (0.29-0.78 g/g) [sources: Angevin_2011; Duncan_1998; Mokany_2008; Moles_2011; Moore_2019_2; Vesk_2004]
  • leaf_shape (categorical): linear (1) [sources: Wheeler_2002]
  • leaf_margin_posture (categorical): revolute (1) [sources: SAH_2023]
  • leaf_lobation (categorical): unlobed (1) [sources: Wheeler_2002]
  • leaf_compoundness (categorical): simple (2) [sources: Metcalfe_2020_2; Wheeler_2002]
  • leaf_lamina_posture (categorical): flat (1) [sources: RBGV_2023]
  • leaf_hairs_adult_leaves (categorical): hairy (1) [sources: Moles_2011]
  • leaf_phyllotaxis (categorical): alternate (2) [sources: NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023]
  • leaf_inclination_angle (numerical): 51.2 deg (27-80 deg) [sources: Mokany_2008]
  • plant_photosynthetic_organ (categorical): leaf (3) [sources: NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
life history
  • photosynthetic_pathway (categorical): c4 (9) [sources: Duncan_1998; Metcalfe_2020_2; Mokany_2008; Moore_2019_2; Munroe_2019; Osborne_2014; Schmidt_2010; White_2020; Williams_2011]
  • plant_growth_form (categorical): graminoid (12); herb (8); tussock (5) [sources: Angevin_2011; Hughes_1992; Leishman_1992; Lord_1997; Metcalfe_2020_2; Moles_2011; NHNSW_2022; NSWFRD_2014; RBGV_2022; Rice_1991; SAH_2022; Schmidt_2010; Soliveres_2012; Vesk_2004; Vesk_2019; WAH_2022_2; Wenk_2022; Wheeler_2002; White_2020; Williams_2011]
  • life_form (categorical): hemicryptophyte (5) [sources: Metcalfe_2020_2; Mokany_2008; Morgan_2011_1; Williams_2005; Williams_2011]
  • life_history (categorical): perennial (14) [sources: Cheal_2017; Cross_2009; Jordan_2001; Leishman_1992; Moore_2019_2; Morgan_2011_1; NHNSW_2022; RBGV_2022; SAH_2022; Simpson_2021; WAH_2022_2; Wenk_2023; Wheeler_2002; Williams_2005]
  • woodiness_detailed (categorical): herbaceous (5) [sources: NHNSW_2022; RBGV_2022; SAH_2022; WAH_2022_2; Wenk_2022]
  • stem_growth_habit (categorical): caespitose (1); erect (2); tufted (1) [sources: Moore_2019_2; NHNSW_2022; RBGV_2022; SAH_2022]
  • leaf_phenology (categorical): evergreen (1) [sources: Schmidt_2010]
  • nitrogen_fixing (categorical): non_nitrogen_fixer (4) [sources: Mokany_2008; Schmidt_2010; White_2020; Williams_2011]
  • root_structure (categorical): arbuscular_mycorrhizal (3) [sources: Metcalfe_2020_2; Schmidt_1993; Williams_2011]
  • parasitic (categorical): not_parasitic (1) [sources: White_2020]
  • pollination_syndrome (categorical): abiotic (1); self (1); wind (2) [sources: Draper_2023; Metcalfe_2020_2; White_2020]
  • pollination_system (categorical): abiotic (1) [sources: Williams_2011]
  • dispersal_syndrome (categorical): anemochory (2); epizoochory (8); myrmecochory (1); zoochory (1) [sources: Angevin_2011; Draper_2023; Hughes_1992; Lord_1997; Metcalfe_2020_2; Morgan_2011_1; NSWFRD_2014; Soliveres_2012; White_2020; Williams_2005; Williams_2011]
  • dispersers (categorical): ants (1); mammals (1); wind (1) [sources: NSWFRD_2014; Soliveres_2012; White_2020]
  • flowering_time (categorical): yynnnnnnyyyy (2); yyynnnnnnyyy (1); yyynnnnnyyyy (1); yyyyyyyyyyyy (1) [sources: Hughes_1992; NHNSW_2014; NHNSW_2014_2; NSWFRD_2014; White_2020]
  • seedbank_location (categorical): soil_seedbank (2) [sources: NSWFRD_2014; Williams_2005]
  • seedbank_longevity_class (categorical): long_persistent (1); persistent (2) [sources: Cheal_2017; NSWFRD_2014; White_2020]
  • vegetative_reproduction_ability (categorical): not_vegetative (4) [sources: Metcalfe_2020_2; Morgan_2011_1; White_2020; Williams_2005]
  • clonal_spread_mechanism (categorical): non_clonal (1) [sources: Williams_2011]
  • storage_organ (categorical): no_storage_organ (1) [sources: Leishman_1992]
  • bud_bank_location (categorical): basal_buds (2); basal_stem_buds (2); bud-bearing_root (2); rhizome (1); root_crown (1) [sources: Carey_2003; Crowley_2007; Doherty_2021; Moore_2019_2; NSWFRD_2014; Nano_2011; Simpson_2021]
nutrient and stable isotope
  • leaf_N_per_dry_mass (numerical): 8.69 mg/g (6.17-9.91 mg/g) [sources: Schmidt_2010]
  • leaf_P_per_dry_mass (numerical): 0.82 mg/g (0.62-1.06 mg/g) [sources: Schmidt_2010]
  • leaf_delta13C (numerical): -12.78 {delta}[ppth] (-13.21--12.32 {delta}[ppth]) [sources: Schmidt_2010]
seed morphology
  • seed_dry_mass (numerical): 6.17 mg (1.6-39 mg) [sources: ANBG_2019; Angevin_2011; Cross_2009; Kew_2019_1; Leishman_1992; Lord_1997; Metcalfe_2020_2]
  • seed_length (numerical): 8.99 mm (1.99-16 mm) [sources: ANBG_2019; Jordan_2001]
  • seed_width (numerical): 8.04 mm (8-8.08 mm) [sources: ANBG_2019; Jordan_2001]
  • seed_shape (categorical): fusiform (1) [sources: ANBG_2019]
whole plant morphology
  • plant_height (numerical): 1.18 m (0.3-2 m) [sources: GrassBase_2014; Hughes_1992; Leishman_1992; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023; WAH_2023_2; Wheeler_2002]
  • plant_physical_defence_structures (categorical): absent (2) [sources: Moles_2011; White_2020]

Sources

dataset_idn_traitsn_recordsreference
Vesk_20193174P. A. Vesk and J. D. L. Yen. “Plant resprouting: How many sprouts and how deep? Flexible modelling of multispecies experimental disturbances.”. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 41 (2019), p. 125497. doi: 10.1016/j.ppees.2019.125497.
Schmidt_201020112S. Schmidt, R. E. Lamble, R. J. Fensham, and I. Siddique. “Effect of woody vegetation clearing on nutrient and carbon relations of semi-arid dystrophic savanna”. Plant and Soil 331.1-2 (2009), pp. 79-90. doi: 10.1007/s11104-009-0233-5.
Mokany_20082177K. Mokany and J. Ash. “Are traits measured on pot grown plants representative of those in natural communities?”. Journal of Vegetation Science 19 (2008), pp. 119-126. doi: 10.3170/2007-8-18340.
Moore_2019_21255N. A. Moore, J. S. Camac, and J. W. Morgan. “Effects of drought and fire on resprouting capacity of 52 temperate Australian perennial native grasses”. New Phytologist 221.3 (2018), pp. 1424-1433. doi: 10.1111/nph.15480.
Vesk_2004639P. A. Vesk, M. R. Leishman, and M. Westoby. “Simple traits do not predict grazing response in Australian dry shrublands and woodlands”. Journal of Applied Ecology 41.1 (2004), pp. 22-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2004.00857.x.
Mott_1978136J. J. Mott. “Dormancy and Germination in Five Native Grass Species From Savannah Woodland Communities of the Northern Territory”. Australian Journal of Botany 26.5 (1978), p. 621. ISSN: 0067-1924. doi: 10.1071/bt9780621.
OReillyNugent_2018232A. O'Reilly-Nugent, E. Wandrag, C. Catford, B. Gruber, D. Driscoll, and R. Duncan. “Measuring competitive impact: Joint-species modelling of invaded plant communities”. Journal of Ecology 108 (2018), pp. 449-459.
Kew_2019_1123Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. 2019. url: http://data.kew.org/sid/.
Duncan_19981120D. H. Duncan. “Unpublished data: Structural basis of variation in leaf mass per area in three plant clades, Macquarie University”. 1998.
NSWFRD_20141320B. Kenny, C. Orscheg, E. Tasker, M. A. Gill, and R. Bradstock. NSW Flora Fire Response Database, v2.1. database. NSW Department of Planning Industry and Environment, 2014.
White_20201818M. White, S. Sinclair, and D. Frood. Victorian Vital Attributes Database. database. Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Victoria, 2020.
Kew_2019_4117Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Oil content data from Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. 2019. url: http://data.kew.org/sid/.
Metcalfe_2020_21515D. Metcalfe. “Unpublished data: Traits of Poaceae spp, CSIRO”. 2020.
ANBG_2019511Australian National Botanic Gardens. The National Seed Bank. 2018. url: http://www.anbg.gov.au/gardens/living/seedbank/.
Kew_2019_2111Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. 2019. url: http://data.kew.org/sid/.
Wheeler_200289J. R. Wheeler, N. G. Marchant, and M. Lewington. Flora of the south west: Bunbury, Augusta, Denmark. Australian Biological Resources Study ; University of Western Australia Press, 2002. ISBN: 9780642568168.
Williams_201199R. P. Duncan, S. E. Clemants, R. T. Corlett, A. K. Hahs, M. A. McCarthy, M. J. McDonnell, M. W. Schwartz, K. Thompson, P. A. Vesk, and N. S. G. Williams. “Plant traits and extinction in urban areas: a meta-analysis of 11 cities”. Global Ecology and Biogeography 20.4 (2011), pp. 509-519. doi: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00633.x.
Cheal_201788D. Cheal. Growth stages and tolerable fire intervals for Victoria's native vegetation data sets. Fire and adaptive management, report no. 84. Victorian Government Department of Sustainability and Environment Melbourne, 2010.
Angevin_201177T. Angevin. “Species richness and functional trait diversity response to land use in a temperate eucalypt woodland community”. Honours. La Trobe University, 2011.
Jordan_200177G. J. Jordan. “An investigation of long-distance dispersal based on species native to both Tasmania and New Zealand”. Australian Journal of Botany 49.3 (2001), pp. 333-340. doi: 10.1071/bt00024.
Leishman_199277M. R. Leishman and M. Westoby. “Classifying plants into groups on the basis of associations of individual traits-Evidence from Australian semi-arid woodlands”. Journal of Ecology 80 (1992), pp. 417-424. doi: 10.2307/2260687.
RBGV_202377VicFlora. Flora of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2023. url: https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/.
eFLOWER_Dun_202257L. Dun and H. Sauquet. “Unpublished: Floral traits for GAP taxa, University of New South Wales, Australia”. 2022.
GrassBase_201436W. Clayton, M. Vorontsova, and K. H. &. H. Williamson. GrassBase - The online world grass flora. 2006. url: http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html.
Moles_201166A. T. Moles, I. R. Wallis, W. J. Foley, D. I. Warton, J. C. Stegen, A. J. Bisigato, L. Cella-Pizarro, C. J. Clark, P. S. Cohen, W. K. Cornwell, W. Edwards, R. Ejrnaes, T. Gonzales-Ojeda, B. J. Graae, G. Hay, F. C. Lumbwe, B. Magana-Rodriguez, B. D. Moore, P. L. Peri, J. R. Poulsen, R. Veldtman, H. von Zeipel, N. R. Andrew, S. L. Boulter, E. T. Borer, F. F. Campon, M. Coll, A. G. Farji-Brener, J. D. Gabriel, E. Jurado, L. A. Kyhn, B. Low, C. P. H. Mulder, K. Reardon-Smith, J. Rodriguez-Velazquez, E. W. Seabloom, P. A. Vesk, A. van Cauter, M. S. Waldram, Z. Zheng, P. G. Blendinger, B. J. Enquist, J. M. Facelli, T. Knight, J. D. Majer, M. Martinez-Ramos, P. McQuillan, and L. D. Prior. “Putting plant resistance traits on the map: A test of the idea that plants are better defended at lower latitudes”. New Phytologist 191.3 (2011), pp. 777-788. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03732.x.
NHNSW_202356N. H. of New South Wales. The Plant Information Network System of The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Version 2.0.. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2023. url: https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
Kubiak_200935P. J. Kubiak. “Fire responses of bushland plants after the January 1994 wildfires in northern Sydney”. Cunninghamia 11.1 (2009), pp. 131-165.
Morgan_2011_155J. Morgan. “Unpublished data: Grassy woodland traits, La Trobe University”. 2011.
Williams_200555N. S. G. Williams, J. W. Morgan, M. J. McDonnell, and M. A. McCarthy. “Plant traits and local extinctions in natural grasslands along an urban-rural gradient”. Journal of Ecology 93.6 (2005), pp. 1203-1213. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.01039.x.
Cross_200944E. Cross. “The characteristics of natives and invaders: A trait-based investigation into the theory of limiting similarity.”. Honours. La Trobe University, 2009.
Hughes_199244L. Hughes and B. Rice. “Unpublished data: Traits data for 643 species, Macquarie University”. 1992.
NHNSW_202244N. H. of New South Wales. The Plant Information Network System of The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Version 2.0.. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
RBGV_202244VicFlora. Flora of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/.
SAH_202244S. H. of South Australia. eFlora of SA, Electronic Flora of South Australia. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/.
SAH_202344S. H. of South Australia. eFlora of SA, Electronic Flora of South Australia. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/.
Sjostrom_200644A. Sjöström and C. L. Gross. “Life-history characters and phylogeny are correlated with extinction risk in the Australian angiosperms”. Journal of Biogeography 33.2 (2006), pp. 271-290. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01393.x.
Carey_200333A. C. &. M. E. &. P. H. &. M. L. &. T. M. &. P. O. &. S. S. &. D. S. &. N. Webb. Wildfires in the ACT 2003: Report on Initial Impacts on Natural Ecosystems. Technical Report No. 17. Environment ACT, 2003. url: https://www.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/2539593/17-wildfires-in-the-act-report-on-initial-impacts-on-natural-ecosystems-2003.pdf.
Kew_2019_613Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Germination data from the Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. 2019. url: http://data.kew.org/sid/.
Lord_199733J. Lord, J. Egan, T. Clifford, E. Jurado, M. Leishman, D. Williams, and M. Westoby. “Larger seeds in tropical floras: Consistent patterns independent of growth form and dispersal mode”. Journal of Biogeography 24 (1997), pp. 205-211. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2699.1997.00126.x.
Simpson_202133K. J. Simpson, E. C. Jardine, S. Archibald, E. J. Forrestel, C. E. R. Lehmann, G. H. Thomas, and C. P. Osborne. “Resprouting grasses are associated with less frequent fire than seeders”. New Phytologist 230 (2021), pp. 832-844. doi: 10.1111/nph.17069.
Soliveres_201233S. Soliveres, D. J. Eldridge, F. Hemmings, and F. T. Maestre. “Nurse plant effects on plant species richness in drylands: The role of grazing, rainfall and species specificity”. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 14 (2012), pp. 402-410. doi: 10.1016/j.ppees.2012.09.003.
Sweedman_200613L. Sweedman and D. Merritt. Australian Seeds: A Guide to Their Collection, Identification, and Biology. CSIRO Publishing, 2006. ISBN: 9780643094079.
WAH_2022_233Western Australian Herbarium. Florabase—the Western Australian Flora.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2022. url: https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/.
WAH_2023_223Western Australian Herbarium. Florabase—the Western Australian Flora.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2023. url: https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/.
Crowley_200722G. Crowley, M. Gardener, and M. Marrinan. Tropical savannas fire response database. 2007. url: [www.landmanager.org.au](www.landmanager.org.au).
Doherty_202122M. Doherty. “Fire Severity and Plant Community Dynamics in the Australian Alps, Southeastern New South Wales”. PhD. Australian National University, 2021. url: http://hdl.handle.net/1885/224564.
Draper_202322J. T. Draper, S. Delean, J. G. Conran, P. Weinstein, and B. S. Simpson. “Life-history characteristics and climate correlates of dioecious plant species in central southern Australia”. Australian Journal of Botany unknown.unknown (2023), p. unknown. doi: 10.1071/BT22110.
NHNSW_2014_222Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney. PLantNET: NSW flora online. 2014. url: http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
Nano_201122C. E. M. Nano and P. J. Clarke. “How do drought and fire influence the patterns of resprouting in Australian deserts?”. Plant Ecology 212 (2011), pp. 2095-2110. doi: 10.1007/s11258-011-9988-x.
Wenk_202222E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant growth forms dataset”. 2022.
Lunt_201211I. Lunt and J. Morgan. “Unpublished data: Trait data from various Morgan and Lunt projects 1990-2012, Charles Sturt & La Trobe University”. 2012.
Mokany_201511K. Mokany, J. J. Thomson, A. J. J. Lynch, G. J. Jordan, and S. Ferrier. “Linking changes in community composition and function under climate change”. Ecological Applications 25.8 (2015), pp. 2132-2141. doi: 10.1890/14-2384.1.
Morgan_2011_211J. Morgan. “Unpublished data: Trait database, La Trobe University”. 2011.
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