AusTraits

Toona ciliata

Explore the data for this taxon in the portal

Family Meliaceae

Taxonomy: Toona ciliata M.Roem.

Synonyms: 14 (APC 2026-07-30)
  • Cedrela australis F.Muell. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Cedrela australis Mudie (taxonomic synonym)
  • Cedrela toona Roxb. ex Rottler (taxonomic synonym)
  • Cedrela toona Roxb. ex Rottler var. toona (taxonomic synonym)
  • Cedrela toona var. australis C.DC. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Cedrela toona var. grandiflora C.DC. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Cedrela toona var. parviflora Benth. (taxonomic synonym)
  • Cedrela toona var. vestita C.T.White (doubtful taxonomic synonym)
  • Surenus australis Kuntze (taxonomic synonym)
  • Surenus toona (Roxb. ex Rottler) Kuntze (taxonomic synonym)
  • Toona australis (Kuntze) Harms (taxonomic synonym)
  • Toona ciliata M.Roem. var. ciliata (nomenclatural synonym)
  • Toona ciliata var. australis (F.Muell.) Bahadur (taxonomic synonym)
  • Toona ciliata var. parviflora (Benth.) Bahadur (taxonomic synonym)

Distribution (APC): Qld, NSW, NI (doubtfully naturalised)

Profiles: APC, Flora of Australia, ALA, iNaturalist, NSW Flora, ATRP

Traits

Top source datasets: ABRS_2022 (3), ABRS_2023 (17), Benwell_2024 (4), Brodribb_2000 (4), Butler_2004 (5), Clarke_2015 (3), Cooper_2013 (14), Fonseca_2000 (5), Gardiner_2019 (40), Gross_2005 (4), Ilic_2000 (3), Kanowski_2000 (22), Kew_2019_1 (3), Kooyman_2011 (14), Lemmens_1994 (1), NHNSW_2014_2 (2), NHNSW_2022 (3), NHNSW_2023 (23), NSWFRD_2014 (9), RadfordSmith_2024 (43), Sams_2017 (6), Sendall_2016 (81), Sjostrom_2006 (4), Stewart_1995 (6), Sweedman_2006 (3), Tng_2013 (6), Wenk_2022 (2), Wenk_2023 (1), Wright_2000 (6), Zanne_2009 (2), eFLOWER_Dun_2022 (19). See below for a full list of sources.
Summary: AusTraits contains 108 traits from 358 records in 31 datasets.

Traits by category (click to expand). For categorical traits, the values are listed. For numerical traits, the mean and range are shown.

fire response
  • resprouting_capacity (categorical): partial_resprouting (1); resprouts (2) [sources: Benwell_2024; Clarke_2015; NSWFRD_2014]
  • post_fire_recruitment (categorical): post_fire_recruitment (1); post_fire_recruitment_absent (1) [sources: Benwell_2024; Clarke_2015]
flower morphology
  • flower_colour (categorical): white_cream (1) [sources: NHNSW_2014_2]
  • sex_type (categorical): monoecious (2) [sources: Gross_2005; Sjostrom_2006]
fruit morphology
  • fruit_length (numerical): 19 mm (10-26 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023; Cooper_2013; NHNSW_2023]
  • fruit_width (numerical): 8 mm (6-12 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023; Cooper_2013; NHNSW_2023]
  • fruit_height (numerical): 7 mm (6-8 mm) [sources: NHNSW_2023]
  • fruit_type (categorical): capsule (7) [sources: ABRS_2023; Cooper_2013; Gross_2005; NHNSW_2023; RadfordSmith_2024; Sams_2017; Sjostrom_2006]
  • fruit_fleshiness (categorical): dry (4) [sources: Cooper_2013; Gross_2005; Sams_2017; Sjostrom_2006]
  • fruit_dehiscence (categorical): dehiscent (6) [sources: ABRS_2023; Cooper_2013; Gross_2005; NHNSW_2023; Sams_2017; Sjostrom_2006]
leaf morphology
  • leaf_area (numerical): 8504.25 mm2 (1134.9-29006.76 mm2) [sources: Fonseca_2000; Gardiner_2019; Kanowski_2000; RadfordSmith_2024; Tng_2013]
  • leaflet_area (numerical): 1857.8 mm2 (1422.8-2071.91 mm2) [sources: RadfordSmith_2024]
  • leaf_length (numerical): 163.33 mm (40-500 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023; Kooyman_2011; NHNSW_2023]
  • leaf_width (numerical): 32.3 mm (15-50 mm) [sources: Fonseca_2000; ABRS_2023; Kooyman_2011; NHNSW_2023]
  • leaf_dry_mass (numerical): 135.11 mg (72-372.2 mg) [sources: Fonseca_2000; Gardiner_2019; RadfordSmith_2024]
  • petiole_length (numerical): 7.5 cm (4-11 cm) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023]
  • leaf_mass_per_area (numerical): 61.31 g/m2 (16.63-105.73 g/m2) [sources: Fonseca_2000; Gardiner_2019; Kanowski_2000; RadfordSmith_2024; Sams_2017; Sendall_2016; Tng_2013]
  • leaf_dry_matter_content (numerical): 0.31 g/g (0.22-0.42 g/g) [sources: Gardiner_2019; RadfordSmith_2024]
  • leaf_type (categorical): broadleaf (1) [sources: Stewart_1995]
  • leaf_shape (categorical): falcate (2); lanceolate (1); ovate (2) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023]
  • leaf_base_shape (categorical): oblique (2) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023]
  • leaf_margin (categorical): entire (1); toothed (1) [sources: NHNSW_2023]
  • leaf_lobation (categorical): unlobed (1) [sources: Kooyman_2011]
  • leaf_compoundness (categorical): compound (2) [sources: Kooyman_2011; NHNSW_2023]
  • leaf_phyllotaxis (categorical): alternate (1) [sources: NHNSW_2023]
  • plant_photosynthetic_organ (categorical): leaf (2) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023]
life history
  • photosynthetic_pathway (categorical): c3 (1) [sources: Stewart_1995]
  • plant_growth_form (categorical): tree (9) [sources: ABRS_2022; Butler_2004; Cooper_2013; Fonseca_2000; Kooyman_2011; NHNSW_2022; NSWFRD_2014; Stewart_1995; Wenk_2022]
  • life_history (categorical): perennial (3) [sources: ABRS_2022; NHNSW_2022; Wenk_2023]
  • woodiness_detailed (categorical): woody (3) [sources: ABRS_2022; NHNSW_2022; Wenk_2022]
  • leaf_phenology (categorical): deciduous (3) [sources: Kooyman_2011; RadfordSmith_2024; Stewart_1995]
  • nitrogen_fixing (categorical): non_nitrogen_fixer (1) [sources: Stewart_1995]
  • dispersal_syndrome (categorical): anemochory (3) [sources: Butler_2004; NSWFRD_2014; RadfordSmith_2024]
  • dispersers (categorical): wind (3) [sources: Butler_2004; NSWFRD_2014; Sams_2017]
  • flowering_time (categorical): nnnnnnnnyyyn (1) [sources: Cooper_2013]
  • seedbank_location (categorical): none (1) [sources: Benwell_2024]
  • seedbank_longevity_class (categorical): transient (1) [sources: NSWFRD_2014]
  • vegetative_reproduction_ability (categorical): not_vegetative (1) [sources: NHNSW_2014_2]
  • bud_bank_location (categorical): basal_buds (1); epicormic_buds (1) [sources: Clarke_2015; NSWFRD_2014]
nutrient and stable isotope
  • leaf_N_per_dry_mass (numerical): 26.16 mg/g (21.68-33.86 mg/g) [sources: Kanowski_2000; Sendall_2016]
  • leaf_P_per_dry_mass (numerical): 2.05 mg/g (1.6-2.6 mg/g) [sources: Kanowski_2000; Sendall_2016]
  • leaf_delta13C (numerical): -28.27 {delta}[ppth] (-28.52--28.02 {delta}[ppth]) [sources: Stewart_1995; Tng_2013]
seed morphology
  • seed_dry_mass (numerical): 164.91 mg (2-490 mg) [sources: Kew_2019_1]
  • seed_length (numerical): 9.75 mm (4-18 mm) [sources: Cooper_2013; Kooyman_2011]
  • seed_width (numerical): 2.75 mm (2-3.5 mm) [sources: Butler_2004; Kooyman_2011]
  • seed_shape (categorical): winged (2) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023]
stem morphology
  • wood_density (numerical): 0.43 mg/mm3 (0.3-0.62 mg/mm3) [sources: Gardiner_2019; Ilic_2000; Kooyman_2011; Lemmens_1994; RadfordSmith_2024; Tng_2013; Zanne_2009]
  • huber_value (numerical): 0 mm2{sapwood}/mm2{leaf} (0-0 mm2{sapwood}/mm2{leaf}) [sources: Brodribb_2000]
whole plant morphology
  • plant_height (numerical): 43.33 m (40-45 m) [sources: ABRS_2023; Cooper_2013; Kooyman_2011]

Sources

dataset_idn_traitsn_recordsreference
Sendall_2016581K. M. Sendall, C. H. Lusk, and P. B. Reich. “Trade-offs in juvenile growth potential vs. shade tolerance among subtropical rain forest trees on soils of contrasting fertility”. Functional Ecology 30.6 (2015), pp. 845-855. doi: 10.1111/1365-2435.12573.
RadfordSmith_20241543J. Radford-Smith, H. R. Lai, E. C. Weeren, and J. M. Dwyer. “A Functional Basis for the Assembly of Australian Subtropical Rainforest Tree Communities”. Ecology Letters 27.11 (2024). ISSN: 1461-0248. doi: 10.1111/ele.70014.
Gardiner_2019840R. Gardiner, L. P. Shoo, and J. M. Dwyer. “Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration”. Journal of Applied Ecology 56.12 (2019), pp. 2687-2697. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.13505.
NHNSW_20231523N. H. of New South Wales. The Plant Information Network System of The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Version 2.0.. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2023. url: https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
Kanowski_20002222J. Kanowski. “Ecological determinants of the distribution and abundance of the folivorous marsupials endemic to the rainforests of the Atherton uplands, north Queensland.”. PhD. James Cook University, Townsville, 1999.
eFLOWER_Dun_20221719L. Dun and H. Sauquet. “Unpublished: Floral traits for GAP taxa, University of New South Wales, Australia”. 2022.
ABRS_20231217Australian Biological Resources Study. Flora of Australia, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2023. url: http://www.ausflora.org.au.
Cooper_20131114W. Cooper and W. T. Cooper. Australian rainforest fruits. CSIRO Publishing, 2013, p. 272.
Kooyman_20111014R. Kooyman, M. Rossetto, W. Cornwell, and M. Westoby. “Phylogenetic tests of community assembly across regional to continental scales in tropical and subtropical rain forests”. Global Ecology and Biogeography 20 (2011), pp. 707-716. doi: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00641.x.
NSWFRD_201489B. Kenny, C. Orscheg, E. Tasker, M. A. Gill, and R. Bradstock. NSW Flora Fire Response Database, v2.1. database. NSW Department of Planning Industry and Environment, 2014.
Sams_201766M. A. Sams, H. R. Lai, S. P. Bonser, P. A. Vesk, R. M. Kooyman, D. J. Metcalfe, J. W. Morgan, and M. M. Mayfield. “Landscape context explains changes in the functional diversity of regenerating forests better than climate or species richness”. Global Ecology and Biogeography 26.10 (2017), pp. 1165-1176. doi: 10.1111/geb.12627.
Stewart_199566G. Stewart, M. Turnbull, S. Schmidt, and P. Erskine. “13C natural abundance in plant communities along a rainfall gradient: a biological integrator of water availability”. Functional Plant Biology 22.1 (1995), pp. 51-55. doi: 10.1071/pp9950051.
Tng_201366D. Y. P. Tng, G. J. Jordan, and D. M. J. S. Bowman. “Plant traits demonstrate that temperate and tropical giant Eucalypt forests are ecologically convergent with rainforest not savanna”. PLoS ONE 8 (2013), p. e84378. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084378.
Wright_200056I. J. Wright, H. T. Clifford, R. Kidson, M. L. Reed, B. L. Rice, and M. Westoby. “A survey of seed and seedling characters in 1744 Australian dicotyledon species: Cross-species trait correlations and correlated trait-shifts within evolutionary lineages”. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 69 (2000), pp. 521-547. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01222.x.
Butler_200455D. W. Butler, R. J. Green, D. Lamb, W. J. F. Mcdonald, and P. I. Forster. “Biogeography of seed-dispersal syndromes, life-forms and seed sizes among woody rain-forest plants in Australia's subtropics”. Journal of Biogeography 34.10 (2007), pp. 1736-1750. ISSN: 1365-2699. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01734.x.
Fonseca_200055C. R. Fonseca, J. M. Overton, B. Collins, and M. Westoby. “Shifts in trait-combinations along rainfall and phosphorus gradients”. Journal of Ecology 88 (2000), pp. 964-977. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00506.x.
Benwell_202444A. Benwell. “Fire responses of flora in a sclerophyll-rainforest vegetation complex in the Nightcap Range, North Coast, New South Wales”. Australian Journal of Botany 72.1 (2024). Ed. by D. Williams. ISSN: 1444-9862. doi: 10.1071/bt23049.
Brodribb_200044T. J. Brodribb and T. S. Feild. “Stem hydraulic supply is linked to leaf photosynthetic capacity: evidence from New Caledonian and Tasmanian rainforests”. Plant, Cell and Environment 23.12 (2000), pp. 1381-1388. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00647.x.
Gross_200544C. L. Gross. “A comparison of the sexual systems in the trees from the Australian tropics with other tropical biomes-more monoecy but why?”. American Journal of Botany 92.6 (2005), pp. 907-919. doi: 10.3732/ajb.92.6.907.
Sjostrom_200644A. Sjöström and C. L. Gross. “Life-history characters and phylogeny are correlated with extinction risk in the Australian angiosperms”. Journal of Biogeography 33.2 (2006), pp. 271-290. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01393.x.
ABRS_202233Australian Biological Resources Study. Flora of Australia, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2022. url: http://www.ausflora.org.au.
Clarke_201533P. J. Clarke, M. J. Lawes, B. P. Murphy, J. Russell-Smith, C. E. Nano, R. Bradstock, N. J. Enright, J. B. Fontaine, C. R. Gosper, I. Radford, J. J. Midgley, and R. M. Gunton. “A synthesis of postfire recovery traits of woody plants in Australian ecosystems”. Science of The Total Environment 534 (2015), pp. 31-42. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.002.
Ilic_200013J. Ilic, D. Boland, M. McDonald, D. G, and P. Blakemore. Woody density phase 1 - State of knowledge. National Carbon Accounting System. Technical Report 18. Tech. rep. Australian Greenhouse Office, Canberra, Australia, 2000.
Kew_2019_113Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. 2019. url: http://data.kew.org/sid/.
NHNSW_202233N. H. of New South Wales. The Plant Information Network System of The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Version 2.0.. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
Sweedman_200613L. Sweedman and D. Merritt. Australian Seeds: A Guide to Their Collection, Identification, and Biology. CSIRO Publishing, 2006. ISBN: 9780643094079.
NHNSW_2014_222Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney. PLantNET: NSW flora online. 2014. url: http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
Wenk_202222E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant growth forms dataset”. 2022.
Zanne_200912A. E. Zanne, G. Lopez-Gonzalez, D. A. Coomes, J. Ilic, S. Jansen, S. L. Lewis, R. B. Miller, N. G. Swenson, M. C. Wiemann, and J. Chave. “Data from: Towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum”. Dryad Digital Repository (2009). doi: 10.5061/dryad.234.
Lemmens_199411R. Lemmens and I. Soerjanegara. Prosea, Volume 5/1: Timber Trees - Major Commercial Timbers. Pudoc/Prosea, 1993. ISBN: 9789022010334.
Wenk_202311E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant life history dataset, University of New South Wales, Sydney”. 2023.