Verbena bonariensis

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Family Verbenaceae

Taxonomy: Verbena bonariensis L.

Synonyms: 2 (APC 2026-07-30)

Verbena bonariensis L. var. bonariensis (nomenclatural synonym)
Verbena bonariensis var. conglomerata Briq. (taxonomic synonym)

Distribution (APC): WA (naturalised), SA (naturalised), Qld (naturalised), NSW (naturalised), NI (naturalised), ACT (naturalised), Vic (naturalised), Tas (naturalised)

Profiles: APC, Flora of Australia, ALA, iNaturalist, NSW Flora, SA eFlora, Vic Flora, Florabase, ATRP

Traits

Top source datasets: ABRS_2022 (2), ABRS_2023 (13), Catford_2014 (10), Cheal_2017 (5), Kubiak_2009 (4), NHNSW_2014_2 (5), NHNSW_2022 (2), NHNSW_2023 (14), NSWFRD_2014 (4), RBGV_2022 (6), RBGV_2023 (17), SAH_2022 (4), SAH_2023 (9), Sjostrom_2006 (2), WAH_2022_2 (8), WAH_2023_2 (3), Wenk_2022 (2), Wenk_2023 (1). See below for a full list of sources.
Summary: AusTraits contains 36 traits from 111 records in 18 datasets.

Traits by category (click to expand). For categorical traits, the values are listed. For numerical traits, the mean and range are shown.

fire response

resprouting_capacity (categorical): resprouts (2) [sources: Kubiak_2009; NSWFRD_2014]
post_fire_recruitment (categorical): post_fire_recruitment (1) [sources: Cheal_2017]

flower morphology

flower_colour (categorical): blue_purple (1); pink (1) [sources: NHNSW_2014_2]
sex_type (categorical): hermaphrodite (1) [sources: Sjostrom_2006]

fruit morphology

fruit_length (numerical): 1.6 mm (1-2 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023]
fruit_type (categorical): mericarp (5) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023]
fruit_dehiscence (categorical): dehiscent (1) [sources: Sjostrom_2006]

leaf morphology

leaf_area (numerical): 1349.32 mm2 (1349.3-1349.33 mm2) [sources: Catford_2014]
leaf_length (numerical): 122.5 mm (40-220 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
leaf_width (numerical): 34.12 mm (6-70 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
leaf_dry_mass (numerical): 133.1 mg (133.1-133.1 mg) [sources: Catford_2014]
leaf_mass_per_area (numerical): 98.62 g/m2 (98.62-98.62 g/m2) [sources: Catford_2014]
leaf_shape (categorical): lanceolate (2); narrowly_oblong (2); oblong (2); ovate (3) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
leaf_base_shape (categorical): auriculate (1); cordate (3) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023]
leaf_margin (categorical): entire (1); toothed_serrate (4) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
leaf_compoundness (categorical): simple (1) [sources: NHNSW_2014_2]
leaf_phyllotaxis (categorical): opposite (1); whorled (1) [sources: NHNSW_2023; SAH_2023]
plant_photosynthetic_organ (categorical): leaf (6) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]

life history

plant_growth_form (categorical): herb (11) [sources: ABRS_2022; Catford_2014; NHNSW_2022; NSWFRD_2014; RBGV_2022; SAH_2022; WAH_2022_2; Wenk_2022]
life_history (categorical): annual (2); perennial (5) [sources: Catford_2014; SAH_2022; WAH_2022_2; Wenk_2023]
woodiness_detailed (categorical): herbaceous (9) [sources: ABRS_2022; NHNSW_2022; RBGV_2022; SAH_2022; WAH_2022_2; Wenk_2022]
stem_growth_habit (categorical): erect (3) [sources: SAH_2022; WAH_2022_2]
flowering_time (categorical): yyynnnnnnyyy (1); yyyyyynnnyyy (1) [sources: NHNSW_2014_2; NSWFRD_2014]
seedbank_longevity_class (categorical): long_persistent (1) [sources: Cheal_2017]
vegetative_reproduction_ability (categorical): not_vegetative (1) [sources: NHNSW_2014_2]
bud_bank_location (categorical): bud-bearing_root (1) [sources: NSWFRD_2014]

seed morphology

seed_dry_mass (numerical): 0.17 mg (0.17-0.17 mg) [sources: Catford_2014]

whole plant morphology

plant_height (numerical): 1.27 m (0.5-2 m) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023; WAH_2023_2]

Sources

dataset_id	n_traits	n_records	reference
RBGV_2023	9	17	VicFlora. Flora of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2023. url: https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/.
NHNSW_2023	10	14	N. H. of New South Wales. The Plant Information Network System of The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Version 2.0.. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2023. url: https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
ABRS_2023	9	13	Australian Biological Resources Study. Flora of Australia, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2023. url: http://www.ausflora.org.au.
Catford_2014	8	10	J. A. Catford, W. K. Morris, P. A. Vesk, C. J. Gippel, and B. J. Downes. “Species and environmental characteristics point to flow regulation and drought as drivers of riparian plant invasion”. Diversity and Distributions 20 (2014), pp. 1084-1096. doi: 10.1111/ddi.12225.
SAH_2023	7	9	S. H. of South Australia. eFlora of SA, Electronic Flora of South Australia. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/.
WAH_2022_2	4	8	Western Australian Herbarium. Florabase—the Western Australian Flora.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2022. url: https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/.
RBGV_2022	2	6	VicFlora. Flora of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/.
Cheal_2017	5	5	D. Cheal. Growth stages and tolerable fire intervals for Victoria's native vegetation data sets. Fire and adaptive management, report no. 84. Victorian Government Department of Sustainability and Environment Melbourne, 2010.
NHNSW_2014_2	5	5	Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney. PLantNET: NSW flora online. 2014. url: http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
Kubiak_2009	4	4	P. J. Kubiak. “Fire responses of bushland plants after the January 1994 wildfires in northern Sydney”. Cunninghamia 11.1 (2009), pp. 131-165.
NSWFRD_2014	4	4	B. Kenny, C. Orscheg, E. Tasker, M. A. Gill, and R. Bradstock. NSW Flora Fire Response Database, v2.1. database. NSW Department of Planning Industry and Environment, 2014.
SAH_2022	4	4	S. H. of South Australia. eFlora of SA, Electronic Flora of South Australia. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/.
WAH_2023_2	1	3	Western Australian Herbarium. Florabase—the Western Australian Flora.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2023. url: https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/.
ABRS_2022	2	2	Australian Biological Resources Study. Flora of Australia, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2022. url: http://www.ausflora.org.au.
NHNSW_2022	2	2	N. H. of New South Wales. The Plant Information Network System of The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Version 2.0.. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
Sjostrom_2006	2	2	A. Sjöström and C. L. Gross. “Life-history characters and phylogeny are correlated with extinction risk in the Australian angiosperms”. Journal of Biogeography 33.2 (2006), pp. 271-290. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01393.x.
Wenk_2022	2	2	E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant growth forms dataset”. 2022.
Wenk_2023	1	1	E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant life history dataset, University of New South Wales, Sydney”. 2023.