AusTraits

Viola betonicifolia

Explore the data for this taxon in the portal

Family Violaceae

Taxonomy: Viola betonicifolia Sm.

Synonyms: none listed in the APC 2026-07-30

Distribution (APC): SA, Qld, NSW, ACT, Vic, Tas

Profiles: APC, Flora of Australia, ALA, iNaturalist, NSW Flora, SA eFlora, Vic Flora, ATRP

Traits

Top source datasets: ABRS_2022 (4), ABRS_2023 (24), Carey_2003 (3), Cheal_2017 (8), Doherty_2021 (2), Draper_2023 (3), Jordan_2001 (7), Kew_2019_1 (1), Kew_2019_6 (1), Lunt_2012 (1), Mokany_2015 (3), Morgan_2014 (2), Munroe_2019 (1), NHNSW_2014_2 (2), NHNSW_2022 (4), NHNSW_2023 (14), NSWFRD_2014 (8), RBGV_2022 (4), RBGV_2023 (21), SAH_2022 (4), SAH_2023 (16), Sjostrom_2006 (4), Tolsma_2007 (7), Vesk_2007 (6), Wenk_2022 (2), Wenk_2023 (1), White_2020 (20), eFLOWER_Dun_2022 (17). See below for a full list of sources.
Summary: AusTraits contains 74 traits from 190 records in 28 datasets.

Traits by category (click to expand). For categorical traits, the values are listed. For numerical traits, the mean and range are shown.

fire response
  • resprouting_capacity (categorical): fire_killed (1); partial_resprouting (1); resprouts (4) [sources: Carey_2003; Cheal_2017; Doherty_2021; NSWFRD_2014; Tolsma_2007; White_2020]
  • post_fire_recruitment (categorical): post_fire_recruitment (1); post_fire_recruitment_absent (1) [sources: Carey_2003; Cheal_2017]
flower morphology
  • flower_colour (categorical): blue_purple (1); white_cream (2) [sources: NHNSW_2014_2; eFLOWER_Dun_2022]
  • sex_type (categorical): hermaphrodite (2); monoecious (1) [sources: Jordan_2001; Sjostrom_2006]
fruit morphology
  • fruit_length (numerical): 10 mm (7-13 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • fruit_type (categorical): capsule (5) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023; Sjostrom_2006]
  • fruit_fleshiness (categorical): dry (2) [sources: Jordan_2001; Sjostrom_2006]
  • fruit_dehiscence (categorical): dehiscent (5) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023; Sjostrom_2006]
leaf morphology
  • leaf_area (numerical): 682.55 mm2 (187-1178.1 mm2) [sources: Mokany_2015; Morgan_2014]
  • leaf_length (numerical): 46.25 mm (10-100 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • leaf_width (numerical): 18.75 mm (5-35 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • petiole_length (numerical): 8 cm (1.5-20 cm) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023]
  • leaf_mass_per_area (numerical): 46.32 g/m2 (27.98-72.99 g/m2) [sources: Lunt_2012; Vesk_2007]
  • leaf_shape (categorical): lanceolate (3); oblong (3); obovate (1); triangular (2) [sources: ABRS_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • leaf_base_shape (categorical): cordate (1); cuneate (3); hastate (1); obtuse (1); truncate (1) [sources: ABRS_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • leaf_margin (categorical): entire (4); toothed_crenate (3) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • leaf_compoundness (categorical): simple (4) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • leaf_phyllotaxis (categorical): alternate (4) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • leaf_arrangement (categorical): crowded (2) [sources: ABRS_2023; SAH_2023]
  • plant_photosynthetic_organ (categorical): leaf (4) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
life history
  • photosynthetic_pathway (categorical): c3 (2) [sources: Munroe_2019; White_2020]
  • plant_growth_form (categorical): herb (9) [sources: ABRS_2022; NHNSW_2022; NSWFRD_2014; RBGV_2022; SAH_2022; Tolsma_2007; Vesk_2007; Wenk_2022; White_2020]
  • life_history (categorical): perennial (7); short_lived_perennial (1) [sources: ABRS_2022; Cheal_2017; Jordan_2001; NHNSW_2022; RBGV_2022; SAH_2022; Tolsma_2007; Wenk_2023]
  • woodiness_detailed (categorical): herbaceous (5) [sources: ABRS_2022; NHNSW_2022; RBGV_2022; SAH_2022; Wenk_2022]
  • stem_growth_habit (categorical): erect (2); rhizomatous (2); rosette (1) [sources: ABRS_2022; NHNSW_2022; RBGV_2022; RBGV_2023; SAH_2022]
  • nitrogen_fixing (categorical): non_nitrogen_fixer (1) [sources: White_2020]
  • parasitic (categorical): not_parasitic (1) [sources: White_2020]
  • pollination_syndrome (categorical): insect (2) [sources: Draper_2023; White_2020]
  • dispersal_syndrome (categorical): ballistic (1); myrmecochory (1); zoochory (1) [sources: Draper_2023; White_2020]
  • dispersers (categorical): ants (1); invertebrates (1) [sources: Draper_2023; White_2020]
  • flowering_time (categorical): yynnnnnnnnny (2); yynnnnnnyyyy (1) [sources: NHNSW_2014_2; NSWFRD_2014; White_2020]
  • seedbank_location (categorical): soil_seedbank (1) [sources: NSWFRD_2014]
  • seedbank_longevity_class (categorical): long_persistent (1); persistent (2) [sources: Cheal_2017; NSWFRD_2014; White_2020]
  • vegetative_reproduction_ability (categorical): not_vegetative (1) [sources: White_2020]
  • storage_organ (categorical): rhizome (2) [sources: ABRS_2023; RBGV_2023]
  • bud_bank_location (categorical): basal_buds (2); bud-bearing_root (1) [sources: Carey_2003; Doherty_2021; NSWFRD_2014]
seed morphology
  • seed_dry_mass (numerical): 1.07 mg (0.49-1.36 mg) [sources: Kew_2019_1; Mokany_2015; Morgan_2014]
  • seed_length (numerical): 1.23 mm (1-1.5 mm) [sources: Jordan_2001; RBGV_2023]
  • seed_width (numerical): 1.12 mm (1-1.5 mm) [sources: Jordan_2001; ABRS_2023]
  • seed_shape (categorical): ovoid (3) [sources: ABRS_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
whole plant morphology

Sources

dataset_idn_traitsn_recordsreference
ABRS_20231824Australian Biological Resources Study. Flora of Australia, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2023. url: http://www.ausflora.org.au.
RBGV_20231621VicFlora. Flora of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2023. url: https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/.
White_20202020M. White, S. Sinclair, and D. Frood. Victorian Vital Attributes Database. database. Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Victoria, 2020.
eFLOWER_Dun_20221517L. Dun and H. Sauquet. “Unpublished: Floral traits for GAP taxa, University of New South Wales, Australia”. 2022.
SAH_20231316S. H. of South Australia. eFlora of SA, Electronic Flora of South Australia. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/.
NHNSW_20231014N. H. of New South Wales. The Plant Information Network System of The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Version 2.0.. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2023. url: https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
Cheal_201788D. Cheal. Growth stages and tolerable fire intervals for Victoria's native vegetation data sets. Fire and adaptive management, report no. 84. Victorian Government Department of Sustainability and Environment Melbourne, 2010.
NSWFRD_201488B. Kenny, C. Orscheg, E. Tasker, M. A. Gill, and R. Bradstock. NSW Flora Fire Response Database, v2.1. database. NSW Department of Planning Industry and Environment, 2014.
Jordan_200177G. J. Jordan. “An investigation of long-distance dispersal based on species native to both Tasmania and New Zealand”. Australian Journal of Botany 49.3 (2001), pp. 333-340. doi: 10.1071/bt00024.
Tolsma_200767A. D. Tolsma, S. M. Read, and K. G. Tolhurst. “Roots of Australian alpine plant species contain high levels of stored carbohydrates independent of post-fire regeneration strategy”. Australian Journal of Botany 55.8 (2007), pp. 771-779. doi: 10.1071/BT06216.
Vesk_200726P. Vesk. “Unpublished data: Leaf traits for flora of Falls Creek Victoria, University of Melbourne”. 2007.
ABRS_202244Australian Biological Resources Study. Flora of Australia, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2022. url: http://www.ausflora.org.au.
NHNSW_202244N. H. of New South Wales. The Plant Information Network System of The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Version 2.0.. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
RBGV_202244VicFlora. Flora of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/.
SAH_202244S. H. of South Australia. eFlora of SA, Electronic Flora of South Australia. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/.
Sjostrom_200644A. Sjöström and C. L. Gross. “Life-history characters and phylogeny are correlated with extinction risk in the Australian angiosperms”. Journal of Biogeography 33.2 (2006), pp. 271-290. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01393.x.
Carey_200333A. C. &. M. E. &. P. H. &. M. L. &. T. M. &. P. O. &. S. S. &. D. S. &. N. Webb. Wildfires in the ACT 2003: Report on Initial Impacts on Natural Ecosystems. Technical Report No. 17. Environment ACT, 2003. url: https://www.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/2539593/17-wildfires-in-the-act-report-on-initial-impacts-on-natural-ecosystems-2003.pdf.
Draper_202333J. T. Draper, S. Delean, J. G. Conran, P. Weinstein, and B. S. Simpson. “Life-history characteristics and climate correlates of dioecious plant species in central southern Australia”. Australian Journal of Botany unknown.unknown (2023), p. unknown. doi: 10.1071/BT22110.
Mokany_201533K. Mokany, J. J. Thomson, A. J. J. Lynch, G. J. Jordan, and S. Ferrier. “Linking changes in community composition and function under climate change”. Ecological Applications 25.8 (2015), pp. 2132-2141. doi: 10.1890/14-2384.1.
Doherty_202122M. Doherty. “Fire Severity and Plant Community Dynamics in the Australian Alps, Southeastern New South Wales”. PhD. Australian National University, 2021. url: http://hdl.handle.net/1885/224564.
Morgan_201422J. Morgan. “Unpublished data: Trait data from Victorian alpine plant species, La Trobe University”. 2004.
NHNSW_2014_222Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney. PLantNET: NSW flora online. 2014. url: http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
Wenk_202222E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant growth forms dataset”. 2022.
Kew_2019_111Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. 2019. url: http://data.kew.org/sid/.
Kew_2019_611Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Germination data from the Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. 2019. url: http://data.kew.org/sid/.
Lunt_201211I. Lunt and J. Morgan. “Unpublished data: Trait data from various Morgan and Lunt projects 1990-2012, Charles Sturt & La Trobe University”. 2012.
Munroe_201911S. E. M. Munroe, F. A. McInerney, J. Andrae, N. Welti, G. R. Guerin, E. Leitch, T. Hall, S. Szarvas, R. Atkins, S. Caddy-Retalic, and B. Sparrow. “The Photosynthetic Pathways of Plant Species Surveyed in Australia's National Terrestrial Monitoring Network”. Scientific Data 8 (2021), p. 97. doi: 10.1038/s41597-021-00877-z.
Wenk_202311E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant life history dataset, University of New South Wales, Sydney”. 2023.