AusTraits

Viola hederacea

Explore the data for this taxon in the portal

Family Violaceae

Taxonomy: Viola hederacea Labill.

Synonyms: 8 (APC 2026-07-30)
  • Erpetion hederaceum (Labill.) G.Don (nomenclatural synonym)
  • Erpetion hederaceum (Labill.) Sweet (nomenclatural synonym)
  • Viola hederacea f. A (taxonomic synonym)
  • Viola hederacea f. B (taxonomic synonym)
  • Viola hederacea f. D (taxonomic synonym)
  • Viola hederacea f. E (taxonomic synonym)
  • Viola hederacea f. F (taxonomic synonym)
  • Viola hederacea f. G (taxonomic synonym)

Distribution (APC): SA, Qld, NSW, ACT, Vic, Tas

Profiles: APC, Flora of Australia, ALA, iNaturalist, NSW Flora, SA eFlora, Vic Flora, ATRP

Traits

Top source datasets: ABRS_2022 (3), ABRS_2023 (22), Carey_2003 (3), Cheal_2017 (8), Cooper_2013 (11), Cross_2009 (4), Doherty_2021 (2), Draper_2023 (3), Fonseca_2000 (21), Hughes_1992 (4), Jordan_2001 (7), Kew_2019_1 (3), Kubiak_2009 (4), Leishman_1993 (1), Leishman_1995 (7), Meers_2007 (11), Mokany_2015 (3), Morgan_2011_1 (5), NHNSW_2014_2 (4), NHNSW_2022 (4), NHNSW_2023 (17), NSWFRD_2014 (15), Pickering_2014 (4), Pickup_2021 (10), RBGV_2022 (4), RBGV_2023 (21), Read_2003 (62), SAH_2022 (4), SAH_2023 (14), Sjostrom_2006 (4), TMAG_2009 (12), Wenk_2022 (2), Wenk_2023 (1), White_2020 (200), Williams_2011 (10), Wright_2000 (9). See below for a full list of sources.
Summary: AusTraits contains 86 traits from 519 records in 36 datasets.

Traits by category (click to expand). For categorical traits, the values are listed. For numerical traits, the mean and range are shown.

fire response
  • resprouting_capacity (categorical): fire_killed (1); partial_resprouting (4); resprouts (15) [sources: Carey_2003; Cheal_2017; Doherty_2021; Kubiak_2009; Meers_2007; NSWFRD_2014; Pickup_2021; White_2020]
  • post_fire_recruitment (categorical): post_fire_recruitment (4); post_fire_recruitment_absent (1) [sources: Carey_2003; Cheal_2017; Pickup_2021]
flower morphology
  • flower_colour (categorical): white_cream (1) [sources: NHNSW_2014_2]
  • sex_type (categorical): hermaphrodite (2); monoecious (1) [sources: Jordan_2001; Sjostrom_2006]
fruit morphology
  • fruit_length (numerical): 5 mm (4-6 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023; Cooper_2013; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • fruit_type (categorical): capsule (7) [sources: ABRS_2023; Cooper_2013; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023; Sjostrom_2006; Wright_2000]
  • fruit_fleshiness (categorical): dry (4) [sources: Cooper_2013; Jordan_2001; Sjostrom_2006; Wright_2000]
  • fruit_dehiscence (categorical): dehiscent (7) [sources: ABRS_2023; Cooper_2013; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023; Sjostrom_2006; Wright_2000]
leaf morphology
  • leaf_area (numerical): 361.42 mm2 (64-1578 mm2) [sources: Fonseca_2000; Leishman_1995; Meers_2007; Mokany_2015; Pickering_2014; Read_2003]
  • leaf_length (numerical): 13.88 mm (0.5-35 mm) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; TMAG_2009]
  • leaf_width (numerical): 16.56 mm (0.5-50 mm) [sources: Fonseca_2000; ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; TMAG_2009]
  • leaf_dry_mass (numerical): 14.47 mg (6-36 mg) [sources: Fonseca_2000; Read_2003]
  • petiole_length (numerical): 4.67 cm (2-8 cm) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023]
  • leaf_mass_per_area (numerical): 42.67 g/m2 (22.81-73.21 g/m2) [sources: Cross_2009; Fonseca_2000; Leishman_1995; Meers_2007; Pickering_2014; Read_2003]
  • leaf_dry_matter_content (numerical): 0.2 g/g (0.1-0.28 g/g) [sources: Pickering_2014; Read_2003]
  • leaf_shape (categorical): orbicular (4); reniform (5); rhomboidal (1) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023; TMAG_2009]
  • leaf_base_shape (categorical): cordate (4); cuneate (4); truncate (4) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • leaf_margin (categorical): entire (4); toothed (2); toothed_crenate (2); toothed_dentate (1) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • leaf_compoundness (categorical): simple (6) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; Read_2003; SAH_2023; TMAG_2009]
  • leaf_phyllotaxis (categorical): alternate (4) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • leaf_arrangement (categorical): crowded (4) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • plant_photosynthetic_organ (categorical): leaf (4) [sources: ABRS_2023; NHNSW_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
life history
  • photosynthetic_pathway (categorical): c3 (11) [sources: White_2020; Williams_2011]
  • plant_growth_form (categorical): herb (26) [sources: ABRS_2022; Cooper_2013; Fonseca_2000; Hughes_1992; Leishman_1995; NHNSW_2022; NSWFRD_2014; Pickering_2014; Pickup_2021; RBGV_2022; SAH_2022; TMAG_2009; Wenk_2022; White_2020; Williams_2011]
  • life_form (categorical): hemicryptophyte (3) [sources: Meers_2007; Morgan_2011_1; Williams_2011]
  • life_history (categorical): perennial (9); short_lived_perennial (1) [sources: ABRS_2022; Cheal_2017; Cross_2009; Jordan_2001; Morgan_2011_1; NHNSW_2022; RBGV_2022; SAH_2022; TMAG_2009; Wenk_2023]
  • woodiness_detailed (categorical): herbaceous (5) [sources: ABRS_2022; NHNSW_2022; RBGV_2022; SAH_2022; Wenk_2022]
  • stem_growth_habit (categorical): erect (1); stoloniferous (2) [sources: NHNSW_2022; RBGV_2022; SAH_2022]
  • leaf_phenology (categorical): evergreen (1) [sources: TMAG_2009]
  • nitrogen_fixing (categorical): non_nitrogen_fixer (12) [sources: Meers_2007; White_2020; Williams_2011]
  • root_structure (categorical): arbuscular_mycorrhizal (1); non_mycorrhizal (1) [sources: Meers_2007; Williams_2011]
  • parasitic (categorical): not_parasitic (10) [sources: White_2020]
  • pollination_syndrome (categorical): insect (11) [sources: Draper_2023; White_2020]
  • pollination_system (categorical): biotic_unspecialised (1) [sources: Williams_2011]
  • dispersal_syndrome (categorical): ballistic (1); myrmecochory (6); undefined (1); zoochory (10) [sources: Draper_2023; Hughes_1992; Leishman_1995; Meers_2007; Morgan_2011_1; NSWFRD_2014; White_2020; Williams_2011]
  • dispersers (categorical): ants (2); invertebrates (10) [sources: Draper_2023; NSWFRD_2014; White_2020]
  • flowering_time (categorical): nnnnnnnnnyyy (10); nnnnnnnnyyyy (1); yynnnnnnyyyy (3); yyynnnnnnyyy (1); yyyynnnnnyyy (1) [sources: Cooper_2013; Hughes_1992; NHNSW_2014_2; NSWFRD_2014; TMAG_2009; White_2020]
  • seedbank_location (categorical): soil_seedbank (3) [sources: NSWFRD_2014; Pickup_2021]
  • seedbank_longevity_class (categorical): long_persistent (1); persistent (13) [sources: Cheal_2017; NSWFRD_2014; Pickup_2021; White_2020]
  • vegetative_reproduction_ability (categorical): vegetative (13) [sources: Meers_2007; Morgan_2011_1; NHNSW_2014_2; White_2020]
  • clonal_spread_mechanism (categorical): stolon (2) [sources: Meers_2007; Williams_2011]
  • bud_bank_location (categorical): basal_buds (2); bud-bearing_root (1); none (1) [sources: Carey_2003; Doherty_2021; NSWFRD_2014]
nutrient and stable isotope
seed morphology
  • seed_dry_mass (numerical): 0.64 mg (0.34-1 mg) [sources: Cross_2009; Kew_2019_1; Leishman_1993; Leishman_1995; Meers_2007; Mokany_2015]
  • seed_length (numerical): 1.68 mm (1-2 mm) [sources: Jordan_2001; ABRS_2023; Cooper_2013; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
  • seed_width (numerical): 1.4 mm (1.4-1.4 mm) [sources: Jordan_2001]
  • seed_shape (categorical): ovoid (3) [sources: ABRS_2023; RBGV_2023; SAH_2023]
whole plant morphology

Sources

dataset_idn_traitsn_recordsreference
White_202020200M. White, S. Sinclair, and D. Frood. Victorian Vital Attributes Database. database. Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Victoria, 2020.
Read_20031862J. Read and G. D. Sanson. “Characterizing sclerophylly: the mechanical properties of a diverse range of leaf types”. New Phytologist 160.1 (2003), pp. 81-99. doi: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00855.x.
ABRS_20231722Australian Biological Resources Study. Flora of Australia, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2023. url: http://www.ausflora.org.au.
Fonseca_2000521C. R. Fonseca, J. M. Overton, B. Collins, and M. Westoby. “Shifts in trait-combinations along rainfall and phosphorus gradients”. Journal of Ecology 88 (2000), pp. 964-977. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00506.x.
RBGV_20231621VicFlora. Flora of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2023. url: https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/.
NHNSW_20231317N. H. of New South Wales. The Plant Information Network System of The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Version 2.0.. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2023. url: https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
NSWFRD_20141115B. Kenny, C. Orscheg, E. Tasker, M. A. Gill, and R. Bradstock. NSW Flora Fire Response Database, v2.1. database. NSW Department of Planning Industry and Environment, 2014.
SAH_20231214S. H. of South Australia. eFlora of SA, Electronic Flora of South Australia. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/.
TMAG_20091012Tasmanian Herbarium. Flora of Tasmania Online. 2009. url: http://www.tmag.tas.gov.au/floratasmania.
Cooper_2013911W. Cooper and W. T. Cooper. Australian rainforest fruits. CSIRO Publishing, 2013, p. 272.
Meers_20071111T. Meers. “Role of plant functional traits in determining the response of vegetation to land use change on the Delatite Peninsula, Victoria.”. PhD. University of Melbourne, 2007.
Pickup_2021510M. Pickup and T. McDonald. Bushfire impacts — A national model for assessing local landscape restoration priorities. Project Phoenix Report. Greening Australia, 2021. url: https://www.greeningaustralia.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/1.02R2.pdf.
Williams_20111010R. P. Duncan, S. E. Clemants, R. T. Corlett, A. K. Hahs, M. A. McCarthy, M. J. McDonnell, M. W. Schwartz, K. Thompson, P. A. Vesk, and N. S. G. Williams. “Plant traits and extinction in urban areas: a meta-analysis of 11 cities”. Global Ecology and Biogeography 20.4 (2011), pp. 509-519. doi: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00633.x.
Wright_200099I. J. Wright, H. T. Clifford, R. Kidson, M. L. Reed, B. L. Rice, and M. Westoby. “A survey of seed and seedling characters in 1744 Australian dicotyledon species: Cross-species trait correlations and correlated trait-shifts within evolutionary lineages”. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 69 (2000), pp. 521-547. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01222.x.
Cheal_201788D. Cheal. Growth stages and tolerable fire intervals for Victoria's native vegetation data sets. Fire and adaptive management, report no. 84. Victorian Government Department of Sustainability and Environment Melbourne, 2010.
Jordan_200177G. J. Jordan. “An investigation of long-distance dispersal based on species native to both Tasmania and New Zealand”. Australian Journal of Botany 49.3 (2001), pp. 333-340. doi: 10.1071/bt00024.
Leishman_199577M. R. Leishman, M. Westoby, and E. Jurado. “Correlates of seed size variation: A comparison among five temperate floras”. Journal of Ecology 83 (1995), pp. 517-529. doi: 10.2307/2261604.
Morgan_2011_155J. Morgan. “Unpublished data: Grassy woodland traits, La Trobe University”. 2011.
Cross_200944E. Cross. “The characteristics of natives and invaders: A trait-based investigation into the theory of limiting similarity.”. Honours. La Trobe University, 2009.
Hughes_199244L. Hughes and B. Rice. “Unpublished data: Traits data for 643 species, Macquarie University”. 1992.
Kubiak_200944P. J. Kubiak. “Fire responses of bushland plants after the January 1994 wildfires in northern Sydney”. Cunninghamia 11.1 (2009), pp. 131-165.
NHNSW_2014_244Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney. PLantNET: NSW flora online. 2014. url: http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
NHNSW_202244N. H. of New South Wales. The Plant Information Network System of The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Version 2.0.. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
Pickering_201444C. Pickering, K. Green, A. A. Barros, and S. Venn. “A resurvey of late-lying snowpatches reveals changes in both species and functional composition across snowmelt zones”. Alpine Botany 124.2 (2014), pp. 93-103. doi: 10.1007/s00035-014-0140-0.
RBGV_202244VicFlora. Flora of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/.
SAH_202244S. H. of South Australia. eFlora of SA, Electronic Flora of South Australia. accessed on 6 May, 2022.. 2022. url: http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/.
Sjostrom_200644A. Sjöström and C. L. Gross. “Life-history characters and phylogeny are correlated with extinction risk in the Australian angiosperms”. Journal of Biogeography 33.2 (2006), pp. 271-290. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01393.x.
ABRS_202233Australian Biological Resources Study. Flora of Australia, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.. accessed on 14 September, 2022.. 2022. url: http://www.ausflora.org.au.
Carey_200333A. C. &. M. E. &. P. H. &. M. L. &. T. M. &. P. O. &. S. S. &. D. S. &. N. Webb. Wildfires in the ACT 2003: Report on Initial Impacts on Natural Ecosystems. Technical Report No. 17. Environment ACT, 2003. url: https://www.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/2539593/17-wildfires-in-the-act-report-on-initial-impacts-on-natural-ecosystems-2003.pdf.
Draper_202333J. T. Draper, S. Delean, J. G. Conran, P. Weinstein, and B. S. Simpson. “Life-history characteristics and climate correlates of dioecious plant species in central southern Australia”. Australian Journal of Botany unknown.unknown (2023), p. unknown. doi: 10.1071/BT22110.
Kew_2019_113Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. 2019. url: http://data.kew.org/sid/.
Mokany_201533K. Mokany, J. J. Thomson, A. J. J. Lynch, G. J. Jordan, and S. Ferrier. “Linking changes in community composition and function under climate change”. Ecological Applications 25.8 (2015), pp. 2132-2141. doi: 10.1890/14-2384.1.
Doherty_202122M. Doherty. “Fire Severity and Plant Community Dynamics in the Australian Alps, Southeastern New South Wales”. PhD. Australian National University, 2021. url: http://hdl.handle.net/1885/224564.
Wenk_202222E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant growth forms dataset”. 2022.
Leishman_199311M. Leishman. “Unpublished data: Seed mass data for Sydney species, Macquarie University”. 1990.
Wenk_202311E. Wenk. “Unpublished data: Australian plant life history dataset, University of New South Wales, Sydney”. 2023.